Vocabulary

coal - уголь

vegetable matter - вещество растительного происхождения

prehistoric - доисторический

woody fiber - древесное волокно

peat - торф

fermentation - ферментация

to eliminate - удалять, извлекать

destructive distillation - сухая перегонка

depth - глубина

bed - пласт

elementary state - первоначальное состояние

volatile - летучий, быстро испаряющийся

bituminous coal - битуминозный уголь

to be susceptible to smth. - подвергаться чему-либо

storage - хранение

cannel coal - кеннельский уголь

to give off - выделять

to fuse - соединяться

Temperate Zone - умеренный пояс

to exercise - использовать

swamp - болото

subbituminous coal - полубитуминозный уголь, бурый уголь

carboniferous - угленосный, карбоновый

carbonaceous - каменноугольный, углеродистый

Permian - Пермский

lignite - лигнит, бурый уголь

anthracite - антрацит

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. What process causes the transformation of peaty matter into coal?

2. How can one explain differences in the types of coal?

3. What elements is coal composed of?

4. W

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   hat is peat?

5. What is bituminous coal?

Exercise 3. Put questions to the bold-typed words.

1. Bituminous coal contains more than 20 % of volatile matter.

2. Coals have been divided commercially into the following classes: coking, cannel and non-coking.

3. Coking coal upon being burned gives off gas.

4. Cannel coal has a high percentage of volatile hydrocar­bons.

5. Non-coking coal is used as a fuel to produce steam.

6. Bituminous coal is not susceptible to spontaneous combustion.

7. Foreign matter was introduced during the movement of the Earth.

8. Most deposits of coal were formed during the Carboniferous and Permian periods.

Task 4. Give the synonyms for the following words and make up sentences with them: to transform, to exercise, various, to produce, to affect, to give off.

Exercise 5. Give the explanation for the following words: coal, peat, cannel coal, coking coal, non-coking coal, combustion, fuel, hydrocarbon.

Exercise 6. Put the following words in the gaps: volatile, foreign matters, bituminous coal, to give off, to produce, to exercise, peat.

1. Ammonia is a … gas.

2. Concentrated nitric acid … brown vapors of NO_2.

3. Accumulator … electrical energy.

4. Care should be … to keep volatile substances.

5. … contains more that 20 % of volatile matter.

6. … have been found during excavations that are not characteristic of the modern landscape of that region.

7. … is used to improve garden soil.

Exercise 7. Put the following sentences into Active.

1. The determination of Ag (I) from the solution using modified carbon paste electrodes was reported by Cheek and Nelson.

2. One of the first examples of the analytical utility of these modified interfaces was represented by Lane and Hubbard.

3. The use of polymer modified electrodes capable of incorporating metal complexes was reported by Oyama and Anson.

4. Subsequently the peaty matter was changed into coal by the process of destructive distillation.

5. This volatile matter was obtained by us two year ago.

6. This process was caused by great pressure and high temperature.

Exercise 8. Make the summary of the text: “Coal” from Ex. 1

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