Lesson 7

Part 1

Dependent Participle Constructions

Dependent participle constructions - are constructions that don’t have a word, denoting a doer or an object, before the participle. So when you translate such kind of constructions you should repeat a subject in a subordinate clause. Dependent participle constructions without a conjunction are translated by a subordinate clause with the word ”который”, e.g.: Barometer is an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure. - Барометр - это прибор, который измеряет атмосферное давление. Dependent participle constructions with a conjunction are translated by a subordinate clause with the words: “когда”, “если”, “если не”, e.g.: When frozen water is a colourless solid - Когда вода заморожена, она представляет собой бесцветное твердое вещество. Sometimes in translating the word combinations with “if”, “as”, “unless”, “when” we need to repeat a subject. Such situations can be met with the constructions: as it was mentioned - как упоминалось, if it is desired - если нужно, unless it is stated - если не утверждается, as it is seen - как видно. In this cases subject can be omitted. E.g.: If it is desired the instrument may be used . - Если нужно, этот прибор может быть использован. As mentioned above the experiment was successful - Как упоминалось выше, эксперимент был успешным.

Practice

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the translation of dependent participle constructions.

1. While taking part in the discussion he advanced his famous theory.

2. While being treated for several hours the compound turned dark red.

3. While being a boy he showed a great aptitude to chemistry.

4. When exposed to sunlight the peroxide is isomerized to the oxidoketone.

5. While being a young man of 16 Kekule synthesized his first compound.

6. When filtered through a crucible the solution was washed with water.

7. After having been developed this method was widely used by many researchers.

8. After standing for some time this solution was poured onto ice.

9. The product containing chlorine has varied as a result of temperature rise.

10. The gas rates reported in literature range from 10 to 400 ml/min.

11. The close agreement of six compounds listed here is unlikely to be a coincidence.

Part 2

E

61

xercise 1. Read and translate the text. Make the summary of the text.

Ammonia

Ammonia is a colourless gas, NH₃, with a strong pungent odour; r.d. is 0.59 (relative to air); m.p. is -77.7°C; b.p. is -33.35°C. It is very soluble in water and soluble in alcohol. The compound may be prepared in the laboratory by reacting ammonium salts with bases such as calcium hydroxide or by the hydrolysis of a nitride. Industrially it is made by the Haber process and over 80 million tons per year are used either directly or in combination. Major uses are the manufacture of nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate and urea (the last three as fertilizers), explosives, dyestuffs and resins.

Liquid ammonia has some similarity to water as it is hydrogen bonded and has a moderate dielectric constant, which permits it to act as an ionizing solvent. It is weakly self-ionized to give ammonium ions, NH₄⁺ and amide ions, NH₂^-. It also dissolves electropositive metals to give blue solutions, which are believed to contain solvated electrons. Ammonia is an extremely soluble in water giving basic solutions that contain solvated NH₃ molecules and small amounts of the ions NH₄⁺ and OH^-. The combustion of ammonia in air yields nitrogen and water. In the presence of catalysts NO, NO₂ and water are formed; this last reaction is the basis for the industrial production of nitric acid. Ammonia is a good proton acceptor (i.e. it is a base) and gives rise to a series of ammonium salts, e.g.

NH₃ + HC1  NH₄⁺ + Cl^-.

It is also a reducing agent.

The participation of ammonia in the nitrogen cycle is a most important natural process. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are able to achieve similar reactions to those of the Haber process, but under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. They release ammonium ions, which are converted by nitrifying bacteria into nitrite and nitrate ions.