Vocabulary

soot - сажа

particle - частица

fine particle - тонкодисперсная частица

coarse particle - крупнозернистая частица

grinding - измельчение

soil - почва

to withstand - выдержать, пройти

decade - десятилетие

scrutiny - тщательное изучение, исследование

magnitude - величина

homicide - убийство

to adopt - принять

ambient - внешняя среда, внешний, окружающий

to estimate - насчитывать, оценивать

allowable - допустимый

to require - требовать

to prevent - предотвращать

lungs - легкие

mortality - смертность

data - данные

inception - начало

aromatic - ароматическое соединение

benzonoid ring - бензоидное кольцо

value - значение

bulk - масса

rate - скорость

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. Why are fine particles toxic?

2. How can atmospheric particles be classified?

3. How are fine and coarse particles formed?

4. What physical and chemical steps does the process of soot formation include ?

5. What is your understanding of the term: “soot formation”?

Exercise 3. Put questions to the bold-typed words.

1. The fine particles are typically formed by chemical processes such as soot formation.

2. The coarse particles are formed by physical processes.

3. A new health effects-based Ambient Quality Standard limits the maximum allowable ambient concentrations of fine particles.

4. These studies involve real-world subjects.

5. The meeting of these standards will cost more than 30 billion US dollars per year.

6. S

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   oot formation is a complex process that involves many chemical and physical steps.

7. In this review, ‘fuel decomposition’ refers to chemical consumption of the fuel by any chemical process.

8. The small aromatics are the compounds formed by the addition of the first new benzenoid ring.

9. The mechanisms of first ring addition are very sensitive.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences.

1. Atmospheric particles can be two types.

2. Fine particles are formed by chemical processes such as soot formation.

3. Exposure to fine particles can be very dangerous for environment and human’s health.

4. To prevent the negative impact of fine particles on people’s health the United States government has adopted new legislation.

5. To preserve our environment we should meet these standards.

6. Soot formation includes many stages.

7. The small aromatics are formed by the addition of the first new benzenoid ring.

8. The addition of this ring is a very important step in soot production because this step controls the rate of soot formation.

Exercise 5. Give the equivalents for the following words and make up sentences with them: to adopt, fine particles, coarse particles, toxicity, standard, ambient, to cause, mortality, heart, lung, disease, to withstand, scrutiny, soot, grinding, soil, particle, rate, soot, ring, single-ring, benzenoid ring, aromatic.

Exercise 6. Background can be translated as основа, основание, общее положение, исходный, основной, общий. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word background.

1. The discussion of thermal interactions is particularly important, and it serves as a background to the coverage of laser surgery.

2. With the theoretical discussion as a background, an expression for the amount of solar visible radiation will be derived.

3. The background on holographic microscopy and pattern recognition is not treated here.

4. The paper presents a concise treatment of major application with more than usual emphasis on the background physics.

5. The goal of this paper is to present background information about hydrocarbon flames.

Exercise 7. Put the following sentences into Passive.

1. We have investigated the effect of nonthermal plasma on diffusion flames experimentally.

2. Yesterday we studied the effects of flame on the behavior of electrical discharge.

3. Recently we have identified the regime of plasma generation.

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   We have decreased the effect of stream on flame behavior.

5. We are measuring the temperature of burnt gases now.

6. Now we are investigating new species.

Exercise 8. Reading check: correct the mistakes in the summary of the text.