Lesson 5

Part 1

Participle I

Participle I has two forms: present and perfect. Present participle in the active voice is formed by adding ending -ing to the verb and translated by Russian participle of the active voice:

to buy - buying - покупать - покупающий.

Present participle has also a passive form which is formed in the following way:

being + V₃ (V_ed) and is translated by Russian participle of the passive voice:

being bought - покупаемый или тот, который покупают.

Perfect Participle has also both passive and active forms:

an active form: having bought - купив;

a passive form: having been bought - будучи купленный.

In the sentence it can play a few roles:

1. it can play the role of an attribute and be placed before or after a subject. In this case it is translated by a participle in an active voice or a subordinate clause.

E.g.: A number of animals living on the Earth eat plants. - Ряд животных, живущих (или которые живут) на земле, питаются растениями.

2. It can play the role of an adverb and be placed at the beginning of a sentence or at the end of a sentence. In this case it is translated by the Russian verbal participle. E.g.: Taking into account this news we decided to change our plans. - Принимая во внимание эту новость мы решили изменить наши планы.

3. It can play the role of a parenthetical word:

allowing for - принимая во внимание;

assuming that - полагая, что;

judging by - судя;

putting it mildly - мягко говоря;

roughly speaking - грубо говоря.

4. It can also play the role of a subject and is translated by a verbal noun, e.g.: Substituting carbon for this substance will reduce environmental pollution - Замена углерода на это вещество позволит снизить уровень загрязнения окружающей среды.

Vocabulary

admixture - примесь

limited scope - ограниченная сфера применения

hydrochloric acid - соляная кислота

residue - остаток, осадок

powder- порошок

affinity - сродство

ketal - кетал

partake - участвовать

convention - условие

abstraction - отделение

nitrosation - нитрование

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Practice

1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Participle I.

1. This reaction involves the following temperature changes.

2. We have analyzed the following compounds.

3. The remaining admixtures were separated from the end product.

4. Judging by the results, the pressure has fallen.

5. These moving parts are electrically powered.

6. Considering the limited scope of the method it has been used by two researchers.

7. The yield was 12% of the dried wood, varying with the amount of hydrochloric acid.

8. This concerns the following problem.

9. Judging by the recent works one can say that some amount of ketal is present in diethyl.

10. The dialyzed solution was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dried at

50 ^o C, giving nondeliquescent brown powder.

11. One should bear in mind that this information can be misleading.

12. Having determined all parameters we started our experiment.

13. The research being carried out by our Institute in this field is of a great importance.

14. We have obtained these values in the terms of the following formula.

15. Z is favoured by the following data.

16. What is the number of the scientists partaking in the conference ?

17. Having filtered the solution we defined its colour.

18. Having regarded to the summation convention we identified four different products.

19. If the attacking radical had a greater affinity for hydrogen, then the hydrogen-abstraction process would be favoured.

20. Having considered his article we decided to renew our research.

21. The process leading to nitrosation may consist o f a few steps.

22. Last year our researchers obtained remarkable results.

2. Put the following verbs in Participle I: to follow, to plan, to buy, to give, to get, to receive, to write, to do, to make, to recognize, to invent, to see, to reproduce, to measure.

3. Answer the following:

1. How is Perfect Participle formed ?

2. How is Participle I translated ?

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