Vocabulary

carbon - углерод

a

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tomic number (a.n) - атомный номер

relative atomic mass (r.a.m) - относительная атомная масса

melting point (m.p) - температура плавления

boiling point (b.p) - температура кипения

allotropic forms -аллотропические формы

diamond - алмаз

naturally - в природе

to occur - встречаться

to belong to - принадлежать

hard - твердый

compound - соединение

bond - связь

covalent bond - ковалентная связь

extremely - весьма

to link – связывать

to form - образовывать

to be situated - находиться

tetrahedron - тетраэдр

to arrange - располагать

layer - слой

to surround - окружать

conductor - проводник

high-temperature equipment - оборудование, предназначенное для работы в условиях высокой температуры

solid lubricant - смазывающий материал твердой консистенции

graphite - графит

soft - мягкий

slippery - скользкий

unique - уникальный

allotrope - аллотроп

fullerite - фуллерит

amorphous - аморфный

carbon black - технический углерод, газовая сажа, углеродная сажа, копоть

charcoal - древесный уголь

carbon dating (radiocarbon dating) - датирование радиоуглеродом (углеродная метка)

sulphur - сера

carbon assimilation - ассимиляция углерода

to assimilate - ассимилироваться

nitrogen - азот

to produce - получать, производить (промышленным, производственным способом)

to prepare - приготовить, получить (лабораторным способом)

to obtain - получить, получать (в лабораторных условиях)

to have variety of uses - использоваться в различных сферах

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is carbon?

2. How many allotropic forms does carbon have?

3. How can graphite be produced?

4. How are atoms arranged in graphite?

5. Where is graphite used?

Exercise 3. Put questions to the bold-typed words.

1. Diamond occurs naturally.

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. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

3. The hardness results from the structure.

4. The third crystalline allotrope is fullerite.

5. Graphite can be produced by Acheson process.

6. Carbon occurs in organic compounds.

7. The layers are held together by weak van der Waals’ forces.

8. Diamond is extremely hard.

9. There are several amorphous forms of carbon: carbon black and charcoal.

10. Carbon forms a large number of compounds because of its unique ability to form covalent bonds.

11. Graphite has variety of uses including electrical contacts, high-temperature equipment and solid lubricants.

12. Graphite is a soft black slippery substance.

Exercise 4. Give the equivalents for the following words and make up sentences with them:

Boiling point, melting point, to hold together, to have variety of uses, high-temperature equipment, solid lubricants, nitrogen, sulphur, charcoal, to occur, layer, to arrange, amorphous, carbon black, carbon dating.

Exercise 5. Match the beginnings of the sentences and the endings.

1. Carbon is a a) naturally.

2. Graphite is used in b) by weak van der Waals’ forces.

3. All metals have c) non-metallic element .

4. There are two d) the production of solid lubricants.

5. All layers are held e) a unique ability to form

covalent bonds.

6. Diamond occurs f) allows defining the age of an archeological

object.

7. Carbon dating g) amorphous forms of carbon.

8. Carbon is h) is the ‘lead’ in pencils.

9. Graphite mixed with clay i) an essential element for all living

organisms.

Exercise 6. Give the explanation for the following words: carbon, boiling point, melting point, graphite, diamond, conductor, equipment, charcoal, carbon black, carbon dating, covalent bond, fullerite.

Exercise 7. Put the following sentences into Passive.

1. We used carbon dating to define the age of this archeological finding.

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. Recently, we have bought new high-temperature equipment.

3. Our workers usually use carbon black in many industrial processes.

4. We have obtained two amorphous forms of carbon.

5. I will investigate this substance tomorrow.

6. How often do you use charcoal in your research?

7. We use graphite in many spheres.

8. We haven’t measured the boiling point yet.

9. How did you determine the mass of this substance ?

10. Recently we have studied the properties of graphite.

11. Our researchers are developing a new method for graphite production now.

12. To produce good solid lubricants we usually use graphite.

Exercise 8. Put the words into the right order.

1. Is /conductor /a / electricity / heat / of / and / graphite / good.

2. Stable / two / there / isotopes / are.

3. Unique / to form / atoms / sulphur / carbon / forms / ability / a / number / large / compounds /of / because of / its / stable / bonds / covalent / with.

4. Results / covalent / hardness / from / structure / of / covalent / diamond / the /the.

5. Atom / is / to / other / linked / carbon / four / atoms/ each / situated / corners / tetrahedron / are / the / of / that / at.

6. Compounds / occurs / all / organic / in / carbon.

7. Can / produced / be / diamond/ synthetically.

8. Is / carbon / the / point / what / boiling / of ?

9. What / the / “charcoal” / your / of / term / understanding / is ?

10. Is / essential / for / animals / carbon / plants / for / an / element / and.

11. Is / graphite / in / solid / the / lubricants / used / production / of.