- •Введение
- •Topic 1. An introduction to economics
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the international words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given: Scarcity, income, interact, society, trends, management, economics, economy
- •V. Translate into English
- •VI. Answer the questions
- •Topic 2. The basic economic problem
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Complete these sentences with the words in appropriate form and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V. Translate into English:
- •VI. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 3. Factors of production
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •II. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Make sentences by adding a suitable beginning to the following:
- •IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words given
- •VI. Translate into English
- •VII. Answer some questions:
- •Starting a business
- •Types of business
- •Sole Trader
- •Partnership
- •Private Limited Company
- •Public Limited Company
- •The sole proprietor
- •Partnerships
- •Corporations
- •Companies and Organizations Background information about the organization.
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Complete the sentences using the proper forms of the verbs in the brackets:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer the questions:
- •Topic 5. Company structure
- •Study carefully the meaning of the following phrases and word combinations
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Complete these sentences using the words from the list below and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer some questions on the Text:
- •Topic 6. Accounting
- •Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •III. Read and translate the definitions of the basic accounting terms:
- •IV. Agree or disagree with the statements:
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words given:
- •VI. Complete as in the text:
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English:
- •VIII. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 7. Financial statements
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •III. Read and translate the definitions of the basic financial terms: assets and liabilities
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words given:
- •VI. Are the following statements true or false?
- •VII. Complete the sentences referring to the information from the text.
- •VIII. Translate from Russian into English:
- •IX. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 8. Money and its functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Different kinds of money
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •IV. Complete these sentences using the words from the list below and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V. Are the following statements true or false?
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 9. Banks and banking
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read and translate the definitions of the basic banking services terms: Banking services
- •III. Complete these sentences with appropriate words оr word combinations and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IV. Complete the following sentences in any way you like.
- •V. Translate into English:
- •VI. Summarize the contents of the Text using these questions as an outline.
- •Topic 10. Banking system
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read and translate the definitions of the basic banking terms:
- •III. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 11.
- •International banking and international economic institutions world bank
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given
- •V. Translate into English
- •International monetary fund
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Which of the following is true?
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer some questions on the Text:
- •Topic 12. Monetary policy
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Suggest the Russian equivalents:
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •V. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •VI. Answer the questions:
- •Topic 13.
- •Import and export
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given
- •V. Read and translate into Russian:
- •Incoterms 2000
- •Incoterms (The most common ones are shown with *.)
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Answer the questions:
- •Topic 14.
- •Insurance
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the Russian words in brackets.
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. The following sentences relate to various aspects of insurance. Choose the word which best fits each space.
- •V. Translate into English
- •VI. Answer some questions on the Text:
- •Topic 15.
- •International investing
- •Investors
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •Comprehension check
- •The risks of international investing
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •II. Complete sentences according to the information in the text.
- •III. Which explanation of economic terms is correct?
- •IV. Read and translate the definitions of the basic investment and securities terms:
- •V. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •VI. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence:
- •Interest
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •6.030509 «Учет и аудит», 6.030504 «Экономика предприятия»
- •98309 Г. Керчь, Орджоникидзе, 82.
VI. Translate into English
Для удобства производительные ресурсы обычно делят на четыре основные категории, которые называются факторами производства.
Труд — деятельность людей, направленная на удовлетворение потребностей индивида и общества.
Как экономическая категория, труд представляет собой один из факторов производства.
Процесс труда включает в себя три основных фактора: - целесообразную деятельность человека; - предмет, на который направлен труд; - средства труда, с помощью которых человек воздействует на предмет труда.
Капитал — это совокупность отношений и предметов, выраженных в виде стоимости, способной приносить прибавочную стоимость или убыток.
Капитал включает в себя все те производительные ресурсы, которые созданы людьми: инструменты, машины, инфраструктуру, а также нематериальные вещи, например, компьютерные программы.
Распределение любого данного количества блага может быть улучшено посредством обмена.
Предпринимательская способность - в экономической науке - способность человека: - использовать определенное сочетание ресурсов для производства товара; - принимать разумные последовательные решения; - применять новшества; и - идти на (оправданный) риск.
Предпринимательством можно заниматься в разных сферах. Помимо общего предпринимательства, выделяют социальное и технологическое предпринимательство.
Земля - один из четырех основных факторов производства, который для того, чтобы стать производительным, обычно должен соединяться с трудом и капиталом.
VII. Answer some questions:
What are the factors of production?
What is the fuel that drives the economy?
What are the natural resources?
What, in economic theory, is “labour”?
What is called “the price paid for the use of labour”?
Why is necessary to treat labour somewhat differently from the other factors of production?
How may be the working population be defined?
What is the capital?
How is capital created?
What is the role of entrepreneurship in production?
Литература
Основная: 1, 3, 5.
Дополнительная: 2, 3, 7.
TOPIC 4.
TYPES OF BUSINESS.
TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
WHAT IS BUSINESS?
Business is a word that is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.
Starting a business
Starting a business it is necessary to provide capital needed for this business. There is always an element of risk because this business may fail. If the business is successful, the risk-taking has been stifled and invested capital earns part of the profits as a return on the investment and the period during which the capital was at risk.
Capital in this instance is simply the accumulation of previous surpluses on previous business activities. It this way the past is used to finance the future. The accumulation of capital is almost always deliberate, either on the part of individual citizens or on the part of the state. Even in non-capitalistic societies a certain part of the surplus achieved in any enterprise is "ploughed back" into the system in order to promote further growth.
When capital, labour and enterprise combine to make a new business successful, the business must still continue to compete on the market with other companies producing the same type of commodity. The term "market", as used by economists, is a logical extension from the idea of a place set aside for buying and selling. Formally, part of a town was kept as a marketplace, and country people would come in on market days to buy and sell. Markets today need not however be located in any fixed places the sugar market and the cotton market are not geographical locations, but simply sets of conditions which permit buyers and sellers to work together.
In a free market, competition takes place among sellers in order to sell their commodities at the best possible price, and among buyers competition influences prices. Changes in supply and demand have their effects, and it is not surprising that considerable fluctuations in price can take place over periods of weeks and months. Since these modern markets are not normally located in any special place, buyers and sellers do not always have to meet face-to-face. They may communicate by letter, lay cable, by telephone or through their agents. In a perfect market such communications are easy, buyers and sellers are numerous, the competition