- •Введение
- •Topic 1. An introduction to economics
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the international words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given: Scarcity, income, interact, society, trends, management, economics, economy
- •V. Translate into English
- •VI. Answer the questions
- •Topic 2. The basic economic problem
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Complete these sentences with the words in appropriate form and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V. Translate into English:
- •VI. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 3. Factors of production
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •II. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Make sentences by adding a suitable beginning to the following:
- •IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words given
- •VI. Translate into English
- •VII. Answer some questions:
- •Starting a business
- •Types of business
- •Sole Trader
- •Partnership
- •Private Limited Company
- •Public Limited Company
- •The sole proprietor
- •Partnerships
- •Corporations
- •Companies and Organizations Background information about the organization.
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Complete the sentences using the proper forms of the verbs in the brackets:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer the questions:
- •Topic 5. Company structure
- •Study carefully the meaning of the following phrases and word combinations
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Complete these sentences using the words from the list below and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer some questions on the Text:
- •Topic 6. Accounting
- •Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •III. Read and translate the definitions of the basic accounting terms:
- •IV. Agree or disagree with the statements:
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words given:
- •VI. Complete as in the text:
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English:
- •VIII. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 7. Financial statements
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •III. Read and translate the definitions of the basic financial terms: assets and liabilities
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words given:
- •VI. Are the following statements true or false?
- •VII. Complete the sentences referring to the information from the text.
- •VIII. Translate from Russian into English:
- •IX. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 8. Money and its functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Different kinds of money
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •IV. Complete these sentences using the words from the list below and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V. Are the following statements true or false?
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 9. Banks and banking
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read and translate the definitions of the basic banking services terms: Banking services
- •III. Complete these sentences with appropriate words оr word combinations and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IV. Complete the following sentences in any way you like.
- •V. Translate into English:
- •VI. Summarize the contents of the Text using these questions as an outline.
- •Topic 10. Banking system
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read and translate the definitions of the basic banking terms:
- •III. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 11.
- •International banking and international economic institutions world bank
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given
- •V. Translate into English
- •International monetary fund
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Which of the following is true?
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer some questions on the Text:
- •Topic 12. Monetary policy
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Suggest the Russian equivalents:
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •V. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •VI. Answer the questions:
- •Topic 13.
- •Import and export
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given
- •V. Read and translate into Russian:
- •Incoterms 2000
- •Incoterms (The most common ones are shown with *.)
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Answer the questions:
- •Topic 14.
- •Insurance
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the Russian words in brackets.
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. The following sentences relate to various aspects of insurance. Choose the word which best fits each space.
- •V. Translate into English
- •VI. Answer some questions on the Text:
- •Topic 15.
- •International investing
- •Investors
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •Comprehension check
- •The risks of international investing
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •II. Complete sentences according to the information in the text.
- •III. Which explanation of economic terms is correct?
- •IV. Read and translate the definitions of the basic investment and securities terms:
- •V. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •VI. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence:
- •Interest
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •6.030509 «Учет и аудит», 6.030504 «Экономика предприятия»
- •98309 Г. Керчь, Орджоникидзе, 82.
III. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
Monetary policy is a method of controlling the economy that centres on the amount of money _____ in the economy and so ______ and _____ .
In some ____ countries the Central Bank operates monetary policy government policy.
Monetary policy has three main aspects: controlling ____ , controlling ____ , managing ____.
The aim of the authorities when controlling the money supply is ____ , and hence ____ , by businesses and individuals during ____ .
It is hoped to limit the level of ____ in the economy and thus to remove or reduce ____ .
During a recession monetary policy is aimed at ____ to ____ spendings.
The three most important instruments ____ the money supply are ____ , ____ and ____ .
When the Bank sells ____ in the open market, the Bank ____ the money from population and ____ the money supply.
When the Bank buys government bonds in the open market, it ____ the amount of money____ and hence ___.
Banks have to hold a proportion of their assets ____ in case customers demand.
The required reserve has to be ____ , that is easily____ into cash.
____ is a minimum ratio of____ to ____ hat the central bank requires commercial banks to hold.
Commercial banks can make loans, i.e. they can ____ and increase ____ .
The discount rate is ____ that the Bank ____ when the commercial banks want ____ .
IV. Are the following statements true or false? If they are false correct them.
The Central Bank borrows money from other banks.
The responsibility of the Central Bank is managing the money supply and interest rates.
The Central Bank tries to lower inflation restricting the supply of money and increasing credit costs.
Small businesses and consumers pay the prime rate when they borrow money from banks.
A required reserve ratio is a minimum ratio of cash reserves to deposits that the central bank requires commercial banks to hold.
Commercial banks can make loans, i.e. they can create money and increase their excess reserves.
According to recent studies the money supply and interest rates can be effectively changed by the traditional central bank tools.
Monetary policy is an instrument for moving the economy from a recession.
During inflation velocity may fall when the money supply is restrained.
Expenditures on capital goods and interest rates are mutually dependent.
V. Translate into English using all the active possible
Основополагающей целью кредитно-денежной политики является помощь экономике в достижении общего уровня производства, характеризующегося полной занятостью и отсутствием инфляции.
Кредитно-денежная политика состоит в изменении денежного предложения с целью стабилизации совокупного объема производства, занятости и уровня цен.
Kредитно-денежная политика вызывает увеличение денежного предложения во время спада для поощрения расходов, а во время инфляции, наоборот, ограничивает предложение денег для ограничения расходов.
Существуют три основных средства кредитно-денежного контроля: операции на открытом рынке, изменение резервной нормы и изменение учетной ставки.
Операции на открытом рынке - наиболее важное средство контроля денежного предложения. Этот термин относится к покупке и продаже государственных облигаций Центральным банком на открытом рынке, то есть к покупке и продаже облигаций коммерческим банкам и населению в целом.
При изменении резервной нормы меняется величина денежного мультипликатора и, следовательно, денежное предложение.
В основе денежного мультипликатора лежит тот факт, что резервы, потерянные одним банком, получает другой.
Подобно тому, как коммерческие банки взыскивают процентные платежи по своим ссудам, центральный банк взыскивает процентные платежи по ссудам, предоставленным коммерческим банкам. Такая ставка процента называется учетной ставкой.
Снижение учетной ставки поощряет коммерческие банки к приобретению дополнительных резервов путем заимствования у центрального банка.
Готовность банков давать ссуды на основе избыточных резервов периодически меняется, и в этом кроется причина государственного контроля за денежным предложением с целью обеспечить экономическую стабильность.