- •Л.П. Маркушевская, с.В. Шенцова, е.В. Соколова optics:
- •Contents
- •The History of Optics
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Comprehensive reading The History of Optics
- •Check your understanding
- •Exercise 2. Complete the sentences:
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Chapter I Classical (Geometrical) Optics
- •Comprehensive reading From the History of Geometrical Optics
- •Check your understanding Exercise 1. True or false?
- •Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer.
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •A virtual image …
- •Language activity
- •Unit 2 word-study
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Reading for precise information Nature of Light and Color
- •Laws of reflection:
- •Laws of refraction:
- •Check your understanding
- •3 Laws
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language activity
- •Unit 3 word-study
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Scan-reading Optical Instruments
- •Check your understanding
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language activity
- •Exercise 4. Summarize your knowledge of Past Simple or Past Continuous. Choose the correct tense.
- •Unit 4 word study
- •Understanding a printed text List of Terms:
- •Reading and translating the text Lenses
- •Check your understanding
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language activity
- •Unit 5 word study
- •Understanding a printed text List of Terms:
- •Read the text and entitle it
- •Check your understanding
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language acitivity
- •Review of the chapter I
- •Supplementary tasks
- •Improve your translation practice task 1
- •The History of the Telescope
- •Exercise 1. Rearrange the sentences in the chronological order.
- •Holography
- •Illumination, never remove protective cover from the
- •Астрономические наблюдения объектов в широком диапазоне длин волн
- •Chapter II Fiber Optics Unit 1
- •Comprehensive reading The History of Fiber Optics
- •Check your understanding Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.
- •Increase your vocabulary Exercise 1. Compare the two columns and find Russian equivalents.
- •Exercise 2. Match the antonyms.
- •Language activity Exercise 1. Summarize your knowledge of Passive Constructions and translate the following sentences.
- •Fiber Optic Systems
- •Fiber Optic Technology
- •Check your understanding
- •Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with words from the text.
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language activity
- •Unit 3 word-study
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Reading and translating the text
- •Check your understanding Exercise 1. Which title better suits the text?
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language activity
- •Exercise 2. Which of the italicized words in each sentence is the predicate?
- •Unit 4 word study
- •Read – reread;
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Comprehensive reading Optical Fiber Applications
- •Check your understanding
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language activity
- •Rewiew of the chapter II
- •Supplementary tasks
- •Improve your translation practice task 1
- •Fiber Optic Economics
- •Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
- •Exercise 2. Translate the following parentheses into Russian.
- •How Optical Fibers Work
- •Chapter III
- •Word study
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Amplifier – усилитель
- •Reading for discussion Maser-Laser History
- •Check your understanding
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language activity
- •Unit 2 word study
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Reading for precise information Types of Lasers
- •Solid-State Lasers
- •Gas Lasers
- •Semiconductor Lasers
- •Free-Electron Lasers
- •Liquid Lasers (Dye Lasers)
- •Chemical Lasers
- •Check your understanding
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language activity
- •Comprehensive reading Solid - State Lasers
- •Semiconductor Lasers
- •Check your understanding
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Adjectives
- •Language activity
- •Unit 4 word-study
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Comprehensive reading Gas and Molecular Lasers Gas Lasers
- •Fig.1. Construction of He-Ne laser
- •Molecular Lasers
- •Check your understanding
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Language activity
- •Exercise 3. Summarize your knowledge on non-Finite forms. Define the form of the underlined words (Infinitive, Participle - I, Participle - II, Gerund). Translate the sentences.
- •Unit 5 word study
- •Verb – noun
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Scan-reading Laser Applications
- •Industry
- •Scientific Research
- •Communication
- •Medicine
- •Military Technology
- •Laser Safety
- •Check your understanding
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Exercise 2. Translate the following word combinations with Participle II as an attribute.
- •Language activity
- •Exercise 3. Cross out “that”, “who”, “which”, “when” if one can manage without them. Underline the subject in the second sentence.
- •Supplementery tasks
- •Improve your translation practice
- •Лазерная сварка
- •Лазеры в медицине
- •How a Laser Works The Basics of an Atom
- •The Connection Between Atoms and Lasers
- •Understanding a printed text
- •Lasers in Communication
- •Laser Uses
- •Appendix I Химические формулы
- •Appendix II
- •Appendix III Business Communication
- •I. Introduction. Writing and Speaking – Your Keys to Business Success.
- •II. The job campaign
- •Working Experience
- •Curriculum vitae
- •Education
- •III. Business letters
- •I. Introducing your firm (the body the message of a letter).
- •II. Official Invitations
- •III. Request
- •IV. Claim, protest!
- •V. Gratitude, thanks.
- •VI. Regret, apology
- •Supplementary reading appendix IV Albert Einstein
- •Arthur l. Schawlow
- •Charles h. Townes
- •Aleksandr m. Prokhorov
- •Nicolay g. Basov
- •Ted Maiman and the world's first laser
- •Dictionary
- •Haze, n – туман, дымка
- •Observe, V – наблюдать
- •Optics, n – оптика, оптические приборы
- •Literature
Scan-reading Laser Applications
The use of lasers is restricted only by imagination. Lasers have become valuable tools in industry, scientific research, communication, medicine, military technology, and the arts.
Industry
Powerful laser beams can be focused on a small spot with enormous power density. Consequently, the focused beams can readily heat, melt or vaporize material in a precise manner. Lasers have been used, for example, to drill holes in diamonds, to shape machine tools, to trim microelectronic components, to heat-treat semiconductor chips, to cut fashion patterns, to synthesize new material, and to attempt to induce controlled nuclear fusion. The powerful short pulse produced by a laser also makes possible high-speed photography with an exposure time of several trillionths of a second. Highly directional laser beams are used for alignment in road and building construction.
Lasers are used for monitoring crustal movements and for geodetic surveys. They are also the most effective detectors of certain types of air pollution. In addition, lasers have been used for precise determination of the earth-moon distance and in tests of relativity. Very fast laser-activated switches are being developed for use in particle accelerators, and techniques have been found for using laser beams to trap small numbers of atoms in a vacuum for extremely precise studies of their spectra.
Scientific Research
Because laser light is highly directional and monochromatic, extremely small amounts of light scattering or small frequency shifts caused by matter can easily be detected. By measuring such changes, scientists have successfully studied molecular structures. With lasers, the speed of light has been determined to an unprecedented accuracy, chemical reactions can be selectively induced, and the existence of trace substances in samples can be detected.
Communication
Laser light can travel a large distance in outer space with little reduction in signal strength. Because of its high frequency, laser light can carry, for example, 1,000 times as many television channels as are now carried by microwaves. Lasers are therefore ideal for space communications. Low-loss optical fibres have been developed to transmit laser light for earthbound communication in telephone and computer systems. Laser techniques have also been used for high-density information recording. For instance, laser light simplifies the recording of a hologram, from which a three-dimensional image can be reconstructed with a laser beam.
Medicine
Intense, narrow beams of laser light can cut and cauterize certain tissues in a small fraction of a second without damaging the surrounding healthy tissues. They have been used to "weld" the retina, bore holes in the skull, vaporize lesions, and cauterize blood vessels. Laser techniques have also been developed for lab tests of small biological samples.
Military Technology
Laser guidance systems for missiles, aircraft, and satellites are commonplace. The use of laser beams against hostile ballistic missiles has been proposed, as in the defence system urged by US President Ronald Reagan in 1983. The ability of tunable dye lasers to excite selectively an atom or molecule may open up more efficient ways to separate isotopes for construction of nuclear weapons.