- •Preface
- •Acronyms
- •Introduction
- •Background and objectives
- •Content, format and presentation
- •Radioactive waste management in context
- •Waste sources and classification
- •Introduction
- •Radioactive waste
- •Waste classification
- •Origins of radioactive waste
- •Nuclear fuel cycle
- •Mining
- •Fuel production
- •Reactor operation
- •Reprocessing
- •Reactor decommissioning
- •Medicine, industry and research
- •Medicine
- •Industry
- •Research
- •Military wastes
- •Conditioning of radioactive wastes
- •Treatment
- •Compaction
- •Incineration
- •Conditioning
- •Cementation
- •Bituminisation
- •Resin
- •Vitrification
- •Spent fuel
- •Process qualification/product quality
- •Volumes of waste
- •Inventories
- •Inventory types
- •Types of data recorded
- •Radiological data
- •Chemical data
- •Physical data
- •Secondary data
- •Radionuclides occurring in the nuclear fuel cycle
- •Simplifying the number of waste types
- •Radionuclide inventory priorities
- •Material priorities
- •Inventory evolution
- •Assumptions
- •Errors
- •Uncertainties
- •Conclusions
- •Acknowledgements
- •References
- •Development of geological disposal concepts
- •Introduction
- •Historical evolution of geological disposal concepts
- •Geological disposal
- •Definitions and comparison with near-surface disposal
- •Development of geological disposal concepts
- •Roles of the geosphere in disposal options
- •Physical stability
- •Hydrogeology
- •Geochemistry
- •Overview
- •Alternatives to geological disposal
- •Introduction
- •Politically blocked options: sub-seabed and Antarctic icecap disposal
- •Sea dumping and sub-seabed disposal
- •Antarctic icesheet disposal
- •Technically impractical options; partitioning and transmutation, space disposal and icesheet disposal
- •Partitioning and Transmutation
- •Space disposal
- •Icesheets and permafrost
- •Non-options; long-term surface storage
- •Alternatives to conventional repositories
- •Introduction
- •Alternative geological disposal concepts
- •Utilising existing underground facilities
- •Extended storage options (CARE)
- •Injection into deep aquifers and caverns
- •Deep boreholes
- •Rock melting
- •The international option: technical aspects
- •Alternative concepts: fitting the management option to future boundary conditions
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Site selection and characterisation
- •Introduction
- •Prescriptive/geologically led
- •Sophisticated/advocacy led
- •Pragmatic/technically led
- •Centralised/geologically led
- •Conclusions to be drawn
- •Lessons to be learned (see Table 4.2)
- •Site characterisation
- •Can we define the natural environment sufficiently thoroughly?
- •Sedimentary environments
- •Hydrogeology
- •The regional hydrogeological model
- •More local hydrogeological model(s)
- •Crystalline rock environments
- •Lithology and structure
- •Hydrogeology
- •Hydrogeochemistry
- •Any geological environment
- •References
- •Repository design
- •Introduction: general framework of the design process
- •Identification of design requirements/constraints
- •Concept development
- •Major components of the disposal system and safety functions
- •A structured approach for concept development
- •Detailed design/specifications of subsystems
- •Near-field processes and design issues
- •Design approach and methodologies
- •Design confirmation and demonstration
- •Interaction with PA/SA
- •Demonstration and QA
- •Repository management
- •Future perspectives
- •References
- •Assessment of the safety and performance of a radioactive waste repository
- •Introduction
- •The role of SA and the safety case in decision-making
- •SA tasks
- •System description
- •Identification of scenarios and cases for analysis
- •Consequence analysis
- •Timescales for evaluation
- •Constructing and presenting a safety case
- •References
- •Repository implementation
- •Legal and regulatory framework; organisational structures
- •Waste management strategies
- •The need for a clear policy and strategy
- •Timetables vary widely
- •Activities in development of a geological repository
- •Concept development
- •Siting
- •Repository design
- •Licensing
- •Construction
- •Operation
- •Monitoring
- •Research and development
- •The staging process
- •Attributes of adaptive staging
- •The decision-making process
- •Status of geological disposal programmes
- •Overview
- •Status of geological disposal projects in selected countries
- •International repositories
- •Costs and financing
- •Cost estimates
- •Financing
- •Conclusions
- •Acknowledgements
- •References
- •Research and development infrastructure
- •Introduction: Management of research and development
- •Drivers for research and development
- •Organisation of R&D
- •R&D in specialised (nuclear) facilities
- •Introduction
- •Inventory
- •Release of radionuclides from waste forms
- •Solubility and sorption
- •Waste form dissolution
- •Colloids
- •Organic degradation products
- •Gas generation
- •Conventional R&D
- •Engineered barriers
- •Corrosion
- •Buffer and backfill materials
- •Container fabrication
- •Natural barriers
- •Geochemistry and groundwater flow
- •Gas transport and two-phase flow
- •Biosphere
- •Radionuclide concentration and dispersion in the biosphere
- •Climate change
- •Landscape change
- •Underground rock laboratories
- •URLs in sediments
- •Nature’s laboratories: studies of the natural environment
- •General
- •Corrosion
- •Cement
- •Clay materials
- •Degradation of organic materials
- •Glass corrosion
- •Radionuclide migration
- •Model and database development
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Building confidence in the safe disposal of radioactive waste
- •Growing nuclear concerns
- •Communication systems in waste management programmes
- •The Swiss programme
- •The Japanese programme
- •Examples of communication styles in other countries
- •Finland
- •Sweden
- •France
- •United Kingdom
- •Comparisons between communication styles in Finland, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom
- •Lessons for the future
- •What is the way forward?
- •Acknowledgements
- •References
- •A look to the future
- •Introduction
- •Current trends in repository programmes
- •Priorities for future efforts
- •Waste characterisation
- •Operational safety
- •Emplacement technologies
- •Knowledge management
- •Alternative designs and optimisation processes
- •Materials technology
- •Novel construction/immobilisation materials: the example of low pH cement
- •Future SA code development
- •Implications for environmental protection: disposal of other wastes
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Index
265
Index
A
absolute containment |
53, 202 |
|
|||||
acceptance |
2, 5, 10, 72, 149, 227, 228, 251 |
||||||
criteria |
8, 10, 27, 28, 149 |
|
|||||
actinides |
|
33, 59, 60, 196 |
|
|
|||
activation |
|
13, 32 |
|
|
|
|
|
active faults |
50, 78, 82 |
|
|
||||
adaptive staging |
72, 173, 174, 179, |
||||||
180, 181 |
|
|
|
|
|||
advection |
52, 56, 158 |
|
|
|
|||
advocacy led approaches |
77, 78, 79, 84, 87 |
||||||
AECL |
102, 108, 172, 174, 183, 259 |
||||||
AkEnd |
78, 81, 84 |
|
|
|
|||
alkaline |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lakes |
|
218 |
|
|
|
|
|
plume |
|
123 |
|
|
|
|
|
all-welded design |
204 |
|
|
||||
Alligator Rivers |
220 |
|
|
|
|||
Alloy 22 |
|
202, 203 |
|
|
|
||
alteration |
53, 124, 130, 199, 218, 260 |
||||||
in brines |
260 |
|
|
|
|
||
products, secondary |
218 |
|
|||||
alternative conceptualisations |
70, 151, |
||||||
152, 161 |
|
|
|
|
|||
AMIGO |
|
161, 164 |
|
|
|
||
analogues, archaeological |
214, 215, 219 |
||||||
cement |
217 |
|
|
|
|
||
glasses |
218 |
|
|
|
|
||
natural see natural analogues |
|
||||||
ANDRA |
|
17, 116, 190 |
|
|
|||
Antarctic |
58, 59, 62 |
|
|
|
|||
anthropogenic carbon dioxide |
208 |
||||||
anti-nuclear campaign/initiatives 233, 235, 262
aquifers |
43, 67, 100 |
ARAO |
170 |
argillaceous sediments 47, 158, 214 Arius Association 187
Asse Mine 211, 214
atomic priesthood 64, 255 auditability 180
B
back-end costs |
187, 188 |
|||||
backfilling |
|
49, 51, 67, 117, 118, 120, 124, 125, 131, |
||||
|
134, 135, 139, 140, 149, 177, 178, 200, 203, |
|||||
|
204, 212 |
|
|
|||
basalt |
47, 218 |
|
|
|||
Bataille Report |
84 |
|||||
Bateman Equations |
155 |
|||||
Beishan |
185 |
|
|
|||
Benken |
92, 98 |
|
|
|||
bentonite |
49, 51, 52, 53, 118, 124, 127, 129, 130, |
|||||
|
132, 139, 200, 202, 203, 206, 212, 217, 259 |
|||||
compacted |
49, 52, 120, 140, 141, 203 |
|||||
industrial |
|
218 |
|
|||
pellets |
12, 17, 53, 213 |
|||||
pure bentonite buffers 218 |
||||||
seals |
213 |
|
|
|||
sand |
53, 120, 130, 137, 204, 218 |
|||||
saturated |
|
203, 217 |
||||
BfS |
170 |
|
|
|
|
|
BIOMASS |
|
209 |
|
|||
BioMoSA |
209 |
|
|
|||
biosphere |
56, 99, 154, 155, 158, 207, 208 |
|||||
transport |
|
155 |
|
|||
bitumen |
25, 120, 125, 200 |
|||||
black liquor |
|
218 |
|
|||
Boom Clay |
|
55, 91, 93, 97, 99, 158, 212 |
||||
borehole |
|
|
|
|
|
|
disposal |
69, 71, 258 |
|||||
emplacement |
67, 69, 140 |
|||||
borosilicate glass |
18, 25, 218 |
|||||
brachytherapy |
21 |
|
||||
brass |
215, 216 |
|
|
|||
BRWM |
171 |
|
|
|||
buffer |
52, 118, 176, 218 |
|||||
266 |
Index |
backfill material 117, 129, 130, 135, 203 see also backfilling
Bure |
92, 184, 213, 243, 244, 254 |
C
14C 160 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Canadian Shield |
157, 185 |
||||||
candidate sites |
83, 134, 185, 236, 241, 243 |
||||||
CANDU |
187 |
|
|
|
|
||
carbon steel |
48, 129, 202 |
||||||
CARE concept |
|
64, 66, 140 |
|||||
cast iron |
26, 202 |
|
|
||||
cellulose |
31, 36, 201, 218 |
||||||
cement |
25, 27, 57, 120, 125, 126, 127, 131, 200, |
||||||
|
203, 216, 259 |
|
|
||||
grouts |
127, 203, 259 |
||||||
leachates |
213, 217, 260 |
||||||
minerals, secondary |
217 |
||||||
porewater |
201, 217 |
||||||
see also archaeological analogues cement |
|||||||
cementitious, colloids |
200 |
||||||
hyperalkaline leachates 217 |
|||||||
material |
53, 120 |
|
|
||||
repository |
130, 200, 206 |
||||||
Centre de l’Aube |
45 |
|
|||||
Centre de la Manche |
|
10 |
|||||
ceramics |
26 |
|
|
|
|
||
CERBERUS |
|
211 |
|
|
|||
14CH4 |
125, 201 |
|
|
|
|||
chemotoxic wastes |
7, 44, 65, 261 |
||||||
Chernobyl |
228 |
|
|
|
|||
China |
28, 83, 172, 185, 251, 262 |
||||||
Cigar Lake |
219 |
|
|
|
|||
CLAB |
242 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
clay |
47, 55, 88, 95, 97, 100, 158, 162, |
||||||
|
164, 217 |
|
|
|
|
||
halo |
220 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
indurated |
209, 213 |
|
|||||
plastic |
55, 88, 213 |
|
|||||
sand mixtures |
214 |
|
|||||
climate change |
|
47, 208 |
|||||
states |
155, 208 |
|
|
||||
clinker |
216, 217 |
|
|
||||
14CO2 |
125, 201, 261 |
|
|||||
60Co |
32, 198 |
|
|
|
|
||
coastal facilities |
59, 252 |
||||||
cold fusion |
71, 258 |
|
|
||||
colloids |
155, 158, 219 |
||||||
filtration |
52, 125, 129, 130 |
||||||
communication |
3, 5, 113, 116, 191, 229, 230, 239, |
||||||
|
242, 244, 245 |
|
|
||||
communities |
|
4, 83, 191, 234, 235, 251 |
|||||
compaction |
24, 89, 129, 135, 214 |
||||||
compensation |
81, 83, 84, 234, 237, 239, |
||||||
|
247, 251 |
|
|
|
|
||
complexing agents |
31, 36 |
||||||
compliance |
5, 50, 117, 145, 176, 203 |
||||
computer codes |
147, 148, 152, 155, 156, 161 |
||||
concrete |
30, 32, 34, 57, 118, 217 |
||||
clinker |
217 |
|
|
||
silo |
205, 207 |
|
|
||
confidence |
63, 90, 91, 109, 134, 162, 179, 183, 202, |
||||
|
219, 227 |
|
|
||
-building |
183, 229, 231, 239, 241, 242, |
||||
|
243, 247 |
|
|
||
level of |
160, 165, 194, 202, 203 |
||||
consequence analysis |
155 |
||||
conservatism |
30, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 162, 164, |
||||
|
165, 179, 258, 260 |
||||
level of |
165, 260 |
|
|||
construction |
4, 22, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 108, 124, 126, |
||||
|
131, 134, 135, 161, 176, 213, 254, 259 |
||||
container |
5, 18, 26, 118, 126, 200, 202, 204 |
||||
longevity |
202 |
|
|
||
see also canister |
|
||||
contaminated groundwater 206 |
|||||
copper |
|
|
|
|
|
canister |
26, 49, 51, 202, 205 |
||||
corrosion |
26, 56, 114, 127, 130, 133, 201, 202, |
||||
|
215, 218 |
|
|
||
allowance |
202 |
|
|||
canister |
202 |
|
|
||
crevice |
202 |
|
|
||
layers |
218 |
|
|
||
localised |
202, 203 |
|
|||
microbially induced |
202 |
||||
pitting |
202, 216, 260 |
||||
products |
133, 199, 260 |
||||
rate |
126, 202 |
|
|
||
resistance |
26, 127, 129, 205 |
||||
stress |
202 |
|
|
||
CoRWM |
43, 45, 172, 182, 245, 260 |
||||
coupled processes |
124, 125, 213 |
||||
COVRA |
190 |
|
|
||
credibility |
60, 169, 209, 230, 244 |
||||
criticality |
2, 219, 44, 47, 46, 54, 113, 132–3, 221, |
||||
|
236, 252 |
|
|
||
CRR |
212 |
|
|
|
|
crystalline rocks |
47, 49, 51, 54, 55, 86, 88–9, 101, |
||||
|
102, 106, 151, 174, 182, 206 |
||||
137Cs |
32, 198 |
|
|
||
cut-off time |
159, 252 |
|
|||
D
Darcy’s Law 155
databases |
127, 135, 141, 147, 148, 161, 162, 164, |
|
165, 220–1 |
||
decay |
31, 32, 37, 45, 62, 118, 149, 150 |
|
Decide-Announce-Defend 175, 239, 245 |
||
decision |
|
|
analysis |
122 |
|
basis |
174 |
|
Index |
267 |
-in-principle |
123, 239, 240, 241 |
||||||
-makers |
125, 148, 164, 227, 261 |
||||||
-making processes 145–8, 181, 182, 239, 241, |
|||||||
|
247, 248 |
|
|
|
|
||
-points |
161, 180, 181 |
|
|
||||
decommissioning |
18–20, 22, 23, 31, 134 |
||||||
DECOVALEX |
133 |
|
|
||||
demonstration |
49, 100, 113, 131–7, 151, 173, 188, |
||||||
|
212, 221, 229, 246 |
|
|
||||
projects |
213, 235, 255, 259 |
||||||
depleted uranium |
12, 23 |
|
|||||
design |
112, 115, 123, 124, 127, 131, 175, 257 |
||||||
optimisation |
115, 146, 152, 156 |
||||||
options |
4, 44, 69, 113, 122, 123, 139, 141, 146, |
||||||
|
156, 164 |
|
|
|
|
||
requirements |
115–17, 127–9 |
||||||
studies |
146, 156, 161 |
|
|
||||
work |
132, 148, 176 |
|
|
||||
Detailed Investigation Areas |
82, 236 |
||||||
detrimental phenomena |
112, 150 |
||||||
dialogue |
5–6, 116, 180–1, 232, 243, 245 |
||||||
diffusion |
52, 53, 55, 130, 151, 155, 199, 206, |
||||||
|
213, 217 |
|
|
|
|
||
dilute and disperse |
43, 151 |
|
|||||
dilution |
37, 42, 53, 58, 120, 155 |
||||||
dispersion |
120, 208 |
|
|
||||
disposal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
concept |
41–5, 47–53, 65–6 |
||||||
generic disposal option |
172 |
||||||
strategy |
5, 61, 169 |
|
|
||||
tunnels |
130, 131, 176 |
|
|
||||
dissolved oxygen |
205 |
|
|
||||
distribution coefficients |
206 |
||||||
dose |
5, 44, 155, 158, 159, 169, 201, 209, 260, 261 |
||||||
calculated dose maxima |
165 |
||||||
calculations |
159, 208 |
|
|
||||
curves |
159 |
|
|
|
|
||
rates |
27, 28, 29 |
|
|
|
|||
Dounreay |
244 |
|
|
|
|
||
Drigg |
|
9, 45, 252 |
|
|
|
||
drinking water |
163 |
|
|
||||
3D seismics 89, 90, 92 |
|
|
|||||
E
earthquakes |
64, 66, 141, 206 |
|
EBS |
29, 53, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120, 123, 176, |
|
|
194, 202–206, 260 |
|
EC |
173, 195 |
|
see also EU |
||
EdF |
190 |
|
EDZ |
49, 55, 117, 213, 214 |
|
EEG |
171 |
|
EIA |
240, 241, 242 |
|
EKRA 171 |
|
|
El Berrocal |
220 |
|
electron beam welding 205
emplacement |
49, 52, 120, 124, 131, 139, 177, 255 |
||||||
encapsulation |
13, 177, 187, 188, 200, 242 |
||||||
ENEA |
32, 38, 45, 170 |
||||||
engineering |
|
|
|
|
|||
feasibility |
115, 149 |
||||||
practice |
135, 229 |
||||||
ENRESA |
|
133, 170 |
|
||||
environmental |
|
|
|||||
impact |
1, 2, 86, 145, 194, 240, 242, 252, 262 |
||||||
safety |
7, 172 |
|
|
||||
EPA |
|
171 |
|
|
|
|
|
erosion |
54, 95, 160, 208 |
||||||
ESDRED |
|
259 |
|
|
|||
ethics |
|
6, 7, 64, 66, 72, 159, 183, 230, 251 |
|||||
EU |
173, 182, 183, 186, 187, 257 |
||||||
EuroDisney Effect |
|
234 |
|||||
evaporates |
65, 94, 100 |
||||||
bedded |
|
209 |
|
|
|||
exclusion criteria |
78, 81, 82, 123, 141, 236 |
||||||
Exempt Waste (EW) |
9, 10 |
||||||
exotic waste streams |
253 |
||||||
experts |
|
3–4, 83, 175, 176, 229, 242, 246 |
|||||
explorability |
56, 81, 87, 94, 123 |
||||||
exploratory drift |
232, 247 |
||||||
exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
||
pathways |
|
208 |
|
|
|||
scenarios |
|
208 |
|
|
|||
F
far-field |
29, 86, 133, 259 |
|||
FEBEX |
133, 203, 212, 255 |
|||
FEPs 126, 149, 154, 164 |
||||
reserve |
|
164 |
|
|
Fick’s Laws |
155 |
|
||
financing |
|
187–91 |
|
|
see also funding |
|
|||
fission products 32, 37 |
||||
flow paths |
53, 55, 56, 217 |
|||
fracture zones |
102, 106 |
|||
friction stir welding |
205 |
|||
fuel |
|
|
|
|
channels |
37 |
|
||
cladding |
37 |
|
||
enrichment |
14 |
|
||
fabrication |
12, 187 |
|||
fragments |
199 |
|
||
funding |
60, 63, 71, 179, 186, 189, 257 |
|||
future generations |
3, 60, 66, 114, 116, 178, 228, 247 |
|||
FZK-INE |
|
212 |
|
|
G
gas 30, 126, 201, 206
escape |
214 |
flow |
206, 209 |
pathway 199 permeability 125, 214
268 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
generic URLs |
108 |
|
|
rock |
4, 56, 81, 89, 131, 212, 213, |
|||||||||
geochemistry |
56–7, 205–6 |
|
217, 259 |
|
|
|||||||||
geological |
|
|
|
|
|
|
hot cells |
196, 201 |
||||||
approaches |
79, 83–4 |
|
HPF |
211 |
|
|
|
|||||||
barriers |
4, 47, 53, 55–7, 99, 115, 137, 176 |
|
HSK |
2, 26, 81, 209 |
||||||||||
complexity |
86 |
|
|
hulls and ends |
120, 130, 131 |
|||||||||
disposal |
|
2, 6, 41, 45, 46, 47, 49, 53, 57, 65, 70, |
|
human |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
172, 183, 188, 237 |
|
actions |
|
154, 205, 254 |
||||||||||
environment |
108–9, 126, 158 |
|
environment |
149 |
||||||||||
media |
31, 155 |
|
|
intrusion |
53, 59, 66, 178, 205 |
|||||||||
repository |
5, 64, 169, 173–9, 182, 239 |
|
populations |
158, 260 |
||||||||||
stability |
|
47, 57, 63, 81, 113, 140, 158, 159 |
|
hydraulic |
|
52, 55, 88, 89, 96, 97, 131, 217 |
||||||||
storage of CO2 |
261 |
|
anisotropy |
88 |
|
|||||||||
survey |
196, 248 |
|
|
cage |
139, 141 |
|
||||||||
timescales |
55, 220 |
|
|
conductivity |
52, 55, 89, 95, 129, 135 |
|||||||||
geophysical techniques |
89, 92, 96, 105 |
|
gradients |
55, 126, 131, 139, 140 |
||||||||||
wireline geophysical surveys 93 |
|
heads |
88, 96, 204 |
|||||||||||
geosphere |
53–8 |
|
|
|
testing |
|
89, 92, 93, 97 |
|||||||
transport |
|
155 |
|
|
|
hydrogen |
|
201 |
|
|||||
geosynthesis |
54, 113, 120, 206, 208, 217 |
|
see also 3H |
|
|
|||||||||
glacial rebound |
|
208 |
|
|
hydrogeochemistry |
106–8 |
||||||||
glaciation |
49, 206 |
|
|
hydrogeology |
55–6, 96–7, 106 |
|||||||||
global warming |
|
1, 56, 62, 71, 251, 252, 257 |
|
hyperalkaline |
|
|
||||||||
GMT |
135, 206 |
|
|
|
disturbed zone |
216, 217 |
||||||||
GNW |
232, 235 |
|
|
|
environments 218 |
|||||||||
Gobi desert |
|
185 |
|
|
|
groundwater |
217 |
|||||||
Gorleben |
176, 186, 254 |
|
leachates |
130, 206, 217, 260 |
||||||||||
government |
|
2, 83–5, 170–2, 195, 221, 241–3, 245 |
|
plume |
124 |
|
|
|||||||
granite |
|
88, 185, 243, 244 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
green movement |
228 |
|
|
I |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
greenhouse gas |
6, 251 |
|
129I 44, 53, 61, 69, 198, 217 |
|||||||||||
Grimsel |
108, 206, 212 |
|
IAEA |
27, 28, 47, 63, 123, 144, 172, 186 |
||||||||||
groundwater |
205–6 |
|
|
ice age |
64, 208 |
|
||||||||
buffering |
|
216 |
|
|
|
ice-sheet |
208 |
|
|
|||||
flow systems |
|
88, 94, 96, 100, 106, 220 |
|
disposal |
59, 62–3 |
|||||||||
flux |
55, 120 |
|
|
|
ICRP |
79, 119, 145, 158, 260 |
||||||||
pathway |
|
199 |
|
|
|
ILW |
10, 14, 12, 24, 25, 36, 45, 46, 47, 60, 65, 66, |
|||||||
scenarios |
|
153 |
|
|
|
81, 82, 84, 118, 120, 124, 204, 229 |
||||||||
guidelines |
1, 5, 78, 85, 89, 122, 163, 165, 175, |
|
long-lived |
45, 118, 200, 201 |
||||||||||
260, 261 |
|
|
|
|
short-lived |
10, 18, 19, 21, 24, 28, 35, |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45, 244 |
|
|
|||
H |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
implementation |
|
||||
3H 201 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
agency |
|
196 |
|
|||
H12 152, 163, 165, 261 |
|
body |
171, 195 |
|
||||||||||
HADES |
212 |
|
|
|
|
organisation |
46, 113, 165, 227, 232, 237, 241, |
|||||||
half-life |
37–8 |
|
|
|
|
243, 261 |
|
|
||||||
Hanford Reservation |
43, 44 |
|
import wastes |
186, 251 |
||||||||||
hard rocks |
|
54, 88, 131, 213 |
|
Inchtuthil |
215 |
|
||||||||
hazard |
7, 9, 24, 25, 44, 46, 63, 64, 162, 196, 206 |
|
indefinite storage |
45, 64, 188 |
||||||||||
Hiroshima |
|
228 |
|
|
|
information |
|
|
||||||
HLW |
18, 25, 37, 49, 60, 61, 66, 82, 118, 120, 123, |
campaigns |
231, 232 |
|||||||||||
125, 129, 131–2, 141, 155, 218, 228, 229 |
|
package |
236, 237 |
|||||||||||
Horonobe |
108, 214 |
|
|
ingestion |
|
160, 201, 208 |
||||||||
host |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
instant release fraction 199 |
|||||
communities |
141, 246, 251 |
|
institutional control |
46, 47, 62, 63, 66, 72, 134, 139, |
||||||||||
country |
70, 252 |
|
|
141, 169, 258 |
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index |
|
|
|
|
|
269 |
|
interim storage |
|
24, 83, 173, 234 |
M |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
intermediate depth disposal 45 |
MAA |
79, 81, 122, 123, 175 |
|
|||||||||||
intermediate-depth L/MLW repository 214 |
magnesium |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
international |
|
|
|
|
hydroxide |
212 |
|
|||||||
collaboration |
|
134, 209, 237, 260 |
oxide buffer |
203 |
|
|||||||||
disposal |
70, 186 |
|
Maqarin |
217, 218 |
|
|||||||||
repositories |
|
186–7 |
|
matrix diffusion |
158, 217 |
|
||||||||
International Waste Management Conference 182 |
MCNP |
30 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
inventories |
28–32, 37, 197–8 |
medicine, industry and research |
21–3, 253 |
|||||||||||
iron |
118, 202, 215 |
|
microbes |
57, 108, 120, 126, 201, 218 |
||||||||||
nails |
215 |
|
|
|
|
microbial |
|
|
|
|
||||
ISA |
218 |
|
|
|
|
|
action |
218 |
|
|
||||
ITC |
257 |
|
|
|
|
|
activity |
57, 126 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
degradation |
125, 201, 218 |
|
||||
J |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Microshield |
|
29 |
|
|||
JAEA |
|
36, 102, 130, 214, 248, 256 |
migration |
162, 201, 206, 219–20 |
||||||||||
JCO criticality accident |
236 |
Mihama |
236 |
|
|
|||||||||
JNC |
18, 54, 96, 102, 127, 129, 131, 133, 163, 208, |
military wastes |
23 |
|
||||||||||
236, 261 |
|
|
|
mine-by tests |
213 |
|
||||||||
JNFL |
45, 214, 238, 239 |
|
mineralisation, secondary 220 |
|
||||||||||
Joint Convention |
169, 170, 172, 183 |
Mizunami |
214 |
|
|
|||||||||
K |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
model |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
assumptions |
150, 151, 154, 158, 159, 163, 260 |
||||||
Kamaishi |
211 |
|
|
|
chains |
155 |
|
|
||||||
KASAM |
171, 177 |
|
conceptual |
153, 165, 211 |
|
|||||||||
KBS-3 |
51, 52 |
|
|
|
inventory |
|
28 |
|
||||||
Kd values |
206 |
|
|
modelling |
99–101, 155, 220, 221 |
|||||||||
Kinnekulle |
217 |
|
|
mathematical |
147, 152, 165, 213, 220, 229, 261 |
|||||||||
KMS |
256 |
|
|
|
|
mechanistic |
137, 206 |
|
||||||
KNE |
171 |
|
|
|
|
|
monitoring |
|
135, 177–8 |
|
||||
knowledge management |
255, 256 |
Mont Terri |
|
95, 108, 213 |
|
|||||||||
Konrad |
46, 65, 176 |
|
Morsleben |
45, 65, 214 |
|
|||||||||
Kristallin-I |
165 |
|
|
MOX |
23, 61, 118, 255 |
|
||||||||
Kronan brass cannon 215 |
MUA |
79 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
multi-barrier |
|
|
|
|||
L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
concept |
47, 48 |
|
||||
L/ILW |
12, 46, 47, 65, 81, 118–20, 125, 130, 203, |
principle |
|
117 |
|
|||||||||
232, 238, 255 |
|
mutually assured destruction 228, 250 |
||||||||||||
LL |
12, 18, 19, 21, 28, 35 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
SL |
10, 18, 19, 21, 24, 28, 35, 45 |
N |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
layout |
|
102, 118, 120, 131, 149, 212 |
Nagasaki |
228 |
|
|
||||||||
leaching |
12, 27, 120, 126, 199, 260 |
Nagra |
2, 26, 29, 31, 38, 47, 49, 54, 57, 63, 81, 87, |
|||||||||||
legacy wastes |
|
42, 253 |
|
|
93, 95, 102, 120, 129, 149, 153, 170, 174, 200, |
|||||||||
legislation |
78, 79, 116, 172, 232, 239, 241, 248 |
|
201, 208, 212, 230, 231, 232, 235, 261 |
|||||||||||
licensing |
161, 169, 170, 176 |
Nationwide Evaluation Factors |
82 |
|||||||||||
application |
|
176, 195 |
|
natural |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
approach |
112, 232 |
|
analogues |
65, 162, 165, 214–16, 218 |
||||||||||
authorities |
85, 148, 169, 242 |
basaltic glass |
218 |
|
||||||||||
linear staging |
|
179 |
|
fission reactors 219 |
|
|||||||||
LLW |
36, 45, 120, 244 |
|
radiation exposure 160, 165, 261 |
|||||||||||
long-term |
|
|
|
|
|
radiotoxicity |
163 |
|
||||||
performance |
54, 66, 126, 131, 141, 216, 221, 227 |
resources |
|
145, 178 |
|
|||||||||
storage |
41, 46, 66, 172, 182 |
systems |
100, 174 |
|
||||||||||
surface storage |
62–4 |
|
naturally occurring radionuclides |
41, 220 |
||||||||||
LWR |
187 |
|
|
|
|
NDA |
190 |
|
|
|
|
|||
270 |
Index |
NEA |
2, 19, 54, 58, 85, 86, 95, 112, 116, 144, 162, |
||||
206, 221 |
|
|
|||
Needle’s Eye |
220 |
|
|||
NEWMDB |
9, 27 |
|
|||
Nidwalden |
232, 233, 234 |
||||
NIMBY |
86, 87, 246 |
|
|||
Nirex |
23, 32, 43, 68, 70, 87, 102, 172, 183, 200, |
||||
203, 208, 244–5 |
|
||||
Non-Proliferation Trust |
187 |
||||
non-radioactive wastes |
173 |
||||
NORM |
|
10, 11, 21 |
|
||
NRC |
4, 43, 54, 173, 179, 181 |
||||
NSRB |
171 |
|
|
|
|
nuclear |
|
|
|
|
|
facilities |
135, 175, 196 |
||||
fuel cycle |
11 |
|
|||
power plants |
18, 49, 71, 188, 190, 258, 262 |
||||
weapons |
12, 23, 228 |
|
|||
NUMO |
|
57, 78, 81, 82, 85, 117, 139, 140, 170, |
|||
236, 237 |
|
|
|||
NWMO |
170, 171, 172, 185 |
||||
NWTRB |
171 |
|
|
||
O
OECD |
27 |
|
|
|
Oklo |
219 |
|
|
|
Olkiluoto |
78, 102, 103, 106, 108, 239, 241 |
|||
ONDRAF |
91, 93, 100, 158, 170 |
|||
ONKALA |
211 |
|
|
|
Opalinus Clay |
52, 55, 81, 90, 93, 95, 100, 102, 149, |
|||
160, 162, 164, 235 |
||||
OPC |
204, 216, 217 |
|||
operational phase |
69, 131, 139, 177, 179 |
|||
operational safety |
4, 71, 113, 134, 252, 253–5 |
|||
OPG |
172 |
|
|
|
ore body |
65, 66, 220 |
|||
organic |
|
|
|
|
degradation |
200 |
|||
materials 31, 218 |
||||
resins |
200 |
|
|
|
wastes |
218 |
|
|
|
ORIGEN |
37 |
|
|
|
Oskarshamn model |
242 |
|||
overpack |
18, 31, 49, 52, 69, 118, 120, 124, 141 |
|||
P
Palmottu |
220 |
Pangea |
49, 70, 187, 252 |
Pantheon |
217 |
particle accelerators 3, 22, 60 |
|
partitioning and transmutation 60, 71, 172, 258 passive safety 178
peer review 38, 85, 134, 162 performance assessment 86, 144–66 permafrost 54, 55, 62
pessimistic approach 96, 151, 156
PHWR |
187 |
|
|
|
|
|
plasma incineration |
24 |
|||||
plutonium |
8, 17, 18, 23 |
|||||
Poc¸os de Caldas |
|
220 |
||||
‘‘polluter pays’’ |
|
189 |
|
|||
porewater |
58, 95, 125, 158, 213, 217 |
|||||
Posiva |
2, 37, 102, 106, 108, 113, 170, 239, 241, |
|||||
244, 262 |
|
|
|
|||
PRACLAY |
211, 213 |
|||||
pre-closure period |
126, 135, 148 |
|||||
precipitation |
120, 220 |
|||||
prefabricated EBS module 140, 141 |
||||||
Preliminary Investigation Areas 78, 82, 236, 237 |
||||||
problematic waste |
28, 46, 62, 71 |
|||||
Project Opalinus Clay |
149, 152, 159, 160, 162, |
|||||
164, 235 |
|
|
|
|||
Projekt Gewa¨hr |
165 |
|
||||
Prototype Repository |
203, 207, 211 |
|||||
public |
|
|
|
|
|
|
acceptance |
66, 140, 252 |
|||||
attitudes |
235 |
|
|
|
||
confidence |
151, 183, 239 |
|||||
general public |
|
2, 9, 44, 58, 59, 156, 165, 191, |
||||
227, 229, 237, 251, 261 |
||||||
opposition |
85, 244 |
|||||
participation |
79, 81, 248 |
|||||
perception |
228 |
|
||||
policy |
|
198 |
|
|
|
|
safety |
|
191 |
|
|
|
|
understanding |
|
237 |
||||
PURAM |
|
170 |
|
|
|
|
Q
QA |
27, 37, 69, 133, 134 |
QM |
134, 212 |
QMS |
256 |
R
R&D |
5, 68, 123, 141, 179, 194, 195, 196, 201, 210 |
|||
radiation |
|
|
|
|
doses |
44, 158, 260 |
|||
protection |
135, 145 |
|||
radioactive |
|
|
||
decay |
31, 37, 121, 150, 155, 160 |
|||
gases |
|
201 |
|
|
steel |
|
201 |
|
|
waste management 6, 28, 169 |
||||
radiological |
|
|
||
consequences |
150 |
|||
hazard |
63, 160, 162 |
|||
impact |
201, 207 |
|||
radionuclide |
5, 22, 29, 52, 151, 157, 199, 208 |
|||
migration |
117, 129, 201, 219 |
|||
releases 117, 155, 163 |
||||
retardation |
125, 129, 130, 212 |
|||
transfer factors |
208 |
|||
Index |
271 |
transport |
|
126, 155, 220 |
|||
radiotoxicity |
|
32, 160, 163 |
|||
radium |
21, 42, 253 |
||||
radon |
201 |
|
|
|
|
RANKERN |
30 |
|
|||
RCF 108, 244, 245 |
|||||
recycling |
12, 71, 257 |
||||
redox |
56, 57 |
|
|
||
effects |
219 |
|
|||
reference |
|
|
|
|
|
biospheres |
|
209 |
|||
cases |
165 |
|
|
||
scenario |
|
152, 172 |
|||
referendum |
|
81, 83, 148, 232, 233, 235 |
|||
regional hydrogeological model 97 |
|||||
regulatory |
145, 262 |
||||
authorities |
|
81, 162 |
|||
body |
170, 171, 176 |
||||
criteria |
151 |
|
|||
framework |
169–71 |
||||
guidelines |
|
122, 165, 260 |
|||
process |
85, 171 |
||||
review body |
171 |
||||
targets |
194, 198 |
||||
remote-handling |
52 |
||||
repository |
|
|
|
|
|
closure |
28, 139, 177 |
||||
concepts |
|
66, 71, 113, 117, 236, 257 |
|||
designs |
53, 127, 146, 147, 200, 259 |
||||
footprint |
|
66, 113, 123, 141 |
|||
implementation |
169–91 |
||||
performance |
38, 79, 132, 133, 152, 207 |
||||
resaturation |
204 |
||||
safety 4, 29, 178, 244 |
|||||
sites |
79, 174, 245 |
||||
staging |
179 |
|
|||
reprocessing |
17, 251 |
||||
Republic of China |
83 |
||||
Republic of Korea |
4, 83 |
||||
requirements management 112, 114, 117, 256, 260
RESEAL |
211, 213 |
|||
research |
|
|
|
|
facilities |
|
5, 184, 209 |
||
models |
220, 221 |
|||
Research Framework Programmes 195 |
||||
retrievability |
115, 122, 177 |
|||
reversibility |
72, 115, 122, 202, 258 |
|||
risk |
5, 45, 62, 84, 165, 260 |
|||
rock |
|
|
|
|
creep |
54, 133 |
|||
melting |
68 |
|||
salt |
|
88, 94, 214 |
||
spoil |
177, 204 |
|||
Rokkasho |
45, 130, 214, 239 |
|||
Rosatom |
170 |
|||
RRP |
211 |
|
|
|
RWMAC |
9, 61, 245 |
RWMC |
204, 206 |
S
safeguards |
115, 116 |
|||
safety |
|
|
|
|
analysis |
5, 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 81, 112–15, 120, |
|||
|
130, 134, 144–64, 175, 195, 206, 216, 220, 259, |
|||
|
260, 261 |
|
||
assessment |
4, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 86, 108, 134, |
|||
|
147, 148, 153, 154, 155, 161, 164, 194, 195, |
|||
|
206, 220 |
|
||
assessors |
32, 51, 112, 148, 154, 260 |
|||
barriers |
|
63, 67, 176, 179 |
||
cases |
46, 161, 252, 259 |
|||
concept |
45, 47, 50, 113, 149, 150 |
|||
functions |
117, 131, 132, 149, 150, 151, 205 |
|||
implications |
159, 254 |
|||
indicators |
163 |
|||
level of |
|
150, 175 |
||
long-term |
4, 66, 67, 70, 78, 113, 122, 129, |
|||
|
137, 140 |
|
||
margin |
202 |
|
||
SAFIR-2 |
92, 99, 150–1 |
|||
saline groundwaters 206 |
||||
salt |
173, 183, 184, 202, 203, 209, 214 |
|||
domes |
184, 209 |
|||
sediments |
184 |
|||
Sandia 212 |
|
|||
SAPIERR |
|
186 |
||
scenario |
3, 66, 116, 145, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, |
|||
|
154, 158, 161, 162, 163 |
|||
base scenario 150, 152, 153 isolation failure scenarios 153
perturbation |
153 |
|
||
worst case |
162 |
|
||
sea dumping |
58 |
|
||
Seaborn Committee |
183 |
|||
sealed sources |
21, 198 |
|||
sealing |
52, 55, 58, 67, 95, 117, 124, 126, 129, 131, |
|||
|
164, 174, 178, 202, 214, 217, 254 |
|||
security |
7, 9, 42, 53, 172, 173, 186, 251 |
|||
sedimentation |
47, 49, 51, 54, 55, 59, 81, 88–94, 95, |
|||
|
97, 102, 103, 105, 106, 126, 174, 208, 212, 213, |
|||
|
214, 218 |
|
|
|
Sellafield 58, 85, 183, 244 |
||||
sensitivity analyses |
115, 161 |
|||
SF |
8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 26, 34, 37, 44, 46, |
|||
|
49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 81, 83, 87, 102, |
|||
|
118, 120, 123, 125, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, |
|||
|
160, 161, 165, 169, 170, 172, 176, 183–91, 198, |
|||
|
200, 205, 230, 241, 242, 255, 261 |
|||
SFR |
45, 130, 176, 255 |
|||
shallow land burial |
45 |
|||
Siberia |
70, 185 |
|
||
site |
|
|
|
|
272 |
Index |
characterisation |
45, 65, 69, 79, 81, 83, 87, 88, 91, |
||||||
|
101, 113, 122, 135, 146, 148, 149, 162, 207 |
||||||
selection |
4, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 86, 87, 91, 93, 101, |
||||||
|
105, 123, 139, 146, 156, 161, 174, 175, 241, |
||||||
|
249, 251 |
|
|
|
|
||
-specific evaluation factors |
82 |
||||||
-specific URLs |
209, 212 |
|
|||||
siting |
77, 112, 145, 152, 175, 234–37, 241 |
||||||
community |
232, 234 |
|
|
||||
criteria |
241 |
|
|
|
|
||
environments |
57, 112, 113, 236, 249 |
||||||
process |
|
77, 182, 229, 236, 241 |
|||||
SKB |
43, 57, 68, 79, 102, 119, 139, 152, 156, 174, |
||||||
|
200, 204, 208, 242, 262 |
|
|||||
SKI |
60, 85, 242 |
|
|
|
|||
social |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
acceptability |
241 |
|
|
||||
benefits |
|
239 |
|
|
|
||
impact |
240, 241 |
|
|
||||
socio-economic aspects |
122 |
|
|||||
socio-political acceptance |
72, 258 |
||||||
socio-political constraints |
5, 71, 141 |
||||||
SOGIN 170 |
|
|
|
|
|||
solubility |
31, 52, 120, 191, 199, 200, 218, 220, 221 |
||||||
limits |
120, 199 |
|
|
|
|||
sorption-limitation model |
200 |
||||||
solute transport |
52, 55, 121 |
|
|||||
sorption |
37, 120, 155, 162, 197, 199, 200, 201, 205, |
||||||
|
208, 208, 210, 221 |
|
|
||||
source term |
155, 203 |
|
|
||||
space disposal |
61, 62, 71, 258 |
||||||
SR 97 |
86, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 159 |
||||||
stability |
26, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54, 57, 63, 81, 100, 102, |
||||||
|
124, 126, 128, 131, 133, 140, 149, 158, 200 |
||||||
long-term |
102, 158, 219 |
|
|||||
stakeholder |
2, 4, 6, 44, 72, 77, 78, 87, 112, 115, |
||||||
|
116, 122, 145, 169, 174, 180, 181, 227, 240, |
||||||
|
242, 245, 250, 256, 258, 260, 262 |
||||||
steel |
18, 32, 52, 64, 118, 120, 129, 138, 200–4, 216 |
||||||
canister |
|
52 |
|
|
|
|
|
inserts |
204 |
|
|
|
|
||
316 stainless |
204 |
|
|
||||
Stripa |
211 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
structured approach |
112, 120, 122, 123 |
||||||
sub-seabed disposal |
41, 58, 59, 71 |
||||||
SYNROC |
|
69 |
|
|
|
|
|
T
tailings |
12 |
|
|
tectonic evolution |
179, 208 |
||
tele-handling |
255 |
||
terrorist attacks |
7, 47 |
||
Test Ban Treaty |
228 |
||
THMC |
120, 124, 133, 134 |
||
thorium |
19, 22, 23, 33, 167 |
||
Three Mile Island |
228 |
||
timescales |
37, 53, 59, 72, 100, 144, 155, 169, 173, |
|||
|
214, 219, 229, 252 |
|||
titanium |
26, 50, 129, 138, 202 |
|||
Tono Mine |
220 |
|
||
top-down approach |
186, 187, 243 |
|||
total system analysis |
252 |
|||
Tournemire |
211, 213 |
|||
traceability |
112, 116, 148, 179 |
|||
transport |
4, 62, 85, 155, 157 |
|||
and retardation 220 |
||||
flask |
137, 255 |
|
||
TRU |
32, 130, 200 |
|
||
TRUE |
211 |
|
|
|
tuff |
47, 183, 210 |
|
||
U
235U 32, 219
238U chain 201
underground research laboratories (URLs) 5, 81, 108, 115, 125, 127, 210, 212, 245
United Nations Rio Declaration 247
‘‘unusual’’ wastes |
252 |
||
uplift 54, 126, 164 |
|||
uranium |
8, 11, 12, 17, 18, 22, 118, 187, 199, |
||
219, 220 |
|
||
-bearing minerals |
220 |
||
deposits |
219 |
|
|
dioxide |
199, 219 |
||
migration |
220 |
|
|
ores |
219 |
|
|
USAEC |
43 |
|
|
USDOE |
32, 170, 179 |
||
USNRC |
170, 171 |
|
|
V
verification |
38, |
162 |
|
VLLW |
10 |
|
|
volcanic activity |
50, 78 |
||
volunteer |
|
|
|
communities |
4, 78, 82, 237 |
||
process 123 |
|
||
site |
80, 123 |
|
|
volunteering |
77, 78, 81, 82, 175 |
||
W
WANO |
2, 255, 257 |
||
waste |
|
|
|
acceptance criteria 149 |
|||
arisings |
27, 28 |
||
conditioning |
70 |
||
container |
5, 202, 203, 204, 220, 231 |
||
dumping |
44 |
||
emplacement |
69, 124, 125, 173, 177, 209, 255 |
||
forms |
26, 36, 49, 120, 155, 199–200 |
||
heat-generating 124, 214 |
|||
heat output |
123 |
||
immobilisation |
34, 216, 258 |
||
inventory |
3, 28, 71, 115, 116, 149, 252, 258 |
||
management strategy 172 |
|||
matrix |
69, 120 |
||
packages |
28, 29, 115, 117, 135, 177, 178 |
||
retrievability |
115, 123 |
||
streams |
58, 65, 118, 198, 230, 253 |
||
transport |
|
86, 244, 255 |
|
type 34–6 |
|
||
weathering |
|
51, 95, 220 |
|
Wellenberg |
81, 89, 92, 176, 232, 235, 241, 247 |
||
what-if cases |
153, 154 |
||
Index |
273 |
Whiteshell |
108, 211 |
Windscale |
228 |
WIPP 44, 178, 203 |
|
World Health Organisation 163 |
|
Y |
|
yellow cake |
12 |
Yucca Mountain 79, 108, 176, 177, 179, 182, 203, |
|
209, 220, 252 |
|
Z |
|
ZWILAG |
24, 184, 235 |