3. Vary sentence relationships by using coordination and subordination

Coordination joins two or more independent clauses with a comma and one of the coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet. The resulting compound sentences bring balance and emphasis to writing.

Subordination joins at least one independent clause with at least one subordinate clause, forming a complex sentence that indicates the relative importance of ideas. Different subordinating conjunctions create differences in meaning and emphasis.

Subordinating conjunctions

After, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, how, if, in order that, provided that, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether, while

I went to bed early so that I would be able to get up at 5 am. Although I’ve known her for a long time, I don’t know much about her private life.

Relative pronouns

That, what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose

I went where he told me. What he says is true. He who laughs last, laughs longest. He went there from where there is no return. I will do that which is expected of me.

It is a peculiarity of the spoken English syntax to omit the conjunctions.

He said (that) he knew it. This is the book (which) I was speaking about.

Types of complex sentences

1. Noun clauses are sometimes called that-clauses.

a) As object: I can guarantee (that) it will be there on time. Do you think (that) she’ll come?

b) As subject: That you don’t love him is obvious. (= It’s obvious (that) you don’t love him.)

c) After certain adjectives describing feelings (pleased, sorry, delighted, happy, glad, concerned, surprised, worried, upset, grateful) and adjectives describing degrees of certainty (sure, positive, convinced, doubtful): I’m concerned (that) he won’t believe me. Are you sure (that) he said that?

d) After a large number of abstract nouns (belief, idea, fact, thought, suggestion, reason, smth): I don’t like the suggestion that we do this job together. The thought that I upset her is awful.

e) With question-words: I will never understand why he did that. I looked at what they’d done.

f) With if/whether (or not): I don’t know whether/if he’s coming tonight. Whether or not he’s coming tonight is still uncertain.

2. Adverbial clauses of time, place, manner and reason (they tell us something further about the verb and answer the questions When? Where? How? Why?). Here are some of the most common conjunctions used to introduce adverbial clauses:

a) Time: when, after, before, as, as soon as, since, until/till, while, wherever. Since the petrol-fuelled internal combustion engine was first developed by the German engineers Benz and Diamler in 1885, our lives have changed completely.

b) Place (where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere): Wherever you go, remember your parents.

c) Manner (as, as if, as though): He spoke to me as if it was all my fault.

d) Comparison (than, as…as). I’m sorry I wasn’t here earlier, but I came as soon as I could. You are growing fast. You are taller than your mother is now.

e) Reason (because, as, since): Since I didn’t feel very well, we decided to leave early.

f) Purpose (so that, in order that, in case): I’m staying in all weekend so that I can get my work done.

g) Result (so…that, such a …that): The money was hidden so that no-one could find it.

h) Condition (if, unless, provided/providing (that), so/as long as): People will not stop using their cars unless there is a good alternative.

i) Contrast (although/ though/ even though, while, whereas, however, whatever): He’d like to be an actor whereas his father would like him to be a lawyer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Блох М.Я.Практикум по английскому языку. Грамматика: сборник упражнений

2. Гуревич В.В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Учебное пособие. – М.: Изд-во «Флинта», изд-во «Наука», 2003. - 168 с.

3. Жлуктенко Ю.О. Порівняльна граматика української та англійської мов. – К.: «Радянська школа», 1960. – 160 с.

4. Карабан В.І., Мейс Дж. Переклад з української мови на англійську мову. Навчальний посібник-довідник для студентів вищих закладів Вінниця: НОВА КНИГА, 2003. – 608с.

5. Кобрина Н.А., Корнеева Е.А., Оссовская М.И., Гузеева К.А. Грамматика английского языка. Морфология. Синтаксис. – С.-Пб.: Изд-во «Союз», 2004. – 496 с.

6. Корунець І.В. Порівняльна типологія англійської та української мов. Навчальний посібник. – Вінниця. – «Нова книга», - 2003. – 464 с.

7. Терлак З.М., Сербенская А.А. Украинский язык для начинающих. – Львов: изд-во «Світ», 1992. – 240 с.

8. Chalker, S. 1990. Current English Grammar. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan.

9. Loban, W. Grammar and Writing. London and New York: Macmillan

10. Murphy, R. English Grammar in Use. A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students. With answers. Cambridge University Press.

11. Perrin R. The Beacon Handbook. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

12. Press I., Pugh S. Colloquial Ukrainian. A complete language course. London and New York: Routledge.

13. Swan, M. Practical English Usage. International students’ edition. Oxford University Press. Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP. Fourth edition, 1986.

14. Thomson A.J., Martinet A.V. A practical English Grammar. Oxford University Press.

15. Willis, D. Collins Cobuild Student’s Grammar. Self-study Edition with answer key. The University of Birmingham. HaperCollins Publishers Ltd., 1991.

16. Yule, G. Explaining English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University press,. 1998.

CONTENTS

Section I. Morphology

1. Lecture 1. Object of Grammar as a Linguistic Branch, its Main Goals -2

2. Lecture 2. Notions Of Morphology, Its Typological Constants -8

3. Lecture 3, Part 1. Parts of Speech Classification Issues. Noun as a Part of Speech. Categorical Meaning of Noun Functions in a Sentence -14

2. 1

17. Practice 10. Complex sentence as a semantic and syntactic integrated unit. Consituents of the complex sentence.

90