- •1. Role of Grammar among other linguistic disciplines
- •3. History of Grammar development. Historical and contemporary views on Grammar as a science
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Object of Morphology and Syntax study, their principal concepts
- •2. Notions of the grammar category and opposition. Grammar categories identifying in morphology and syntax
- •2. Classification of morphemes
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Parts of speech classification
- •Morphological structure of nouns
- •Issues to discuss:
- •Categories of nouns
- •Nouns in groups. Noun modifiers
- •Noun determiners
- •Functions of nouns in a sentence
- •Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •Issues to discuss:
- •Lexical and grammatical meaning of verb, its morphological structure
- •Classification of verbs due to their semantic and grammatical properties
- •3. Grammatical categories of verbs
- •Issues to discuss:
- •2. Categories of tense and aspect
- •3. The Category of Mood
- •The Past Subjunctive
- •Fixed (set) expressions
- •4. Grammatical category of state, its types
- •Issues to discuss:
- •General characteristics of modal verbs in English and Ukrainian
- •2. Shade of meanings (nuances) expressed by the modals
- •Issues to discuss
- •Lexical and grammatical meaning of non-finite forms of verbs
- •Categories and functions of infinities
- •Categories and functions of gerund
- •Categories and functions of participles
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Lexical and grammatical meaning; semantic and structural classification
- •2. Grading. Category of comparison
- •Syntactic position and functions of adjectives
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Lexical and grammatical meaning, classification, categories and functions of pronouns
- •3) Reflexive pronouns
- •4) Demonstrative pronouns
- •2. Grammatical categories of numbers
- •3. Points to notice about numbers
- •1. Lexical and grammatical meaning and classification
- •2. Grammatical categories
- •3. Syntactic positions and functions
- •Issues to discuss
- •Structure of a simple sentence
- •2. Main parts of the sentence, their peculiarities
- •3. Secondary Parts of the Sentence
- •Issues to discuss
- •1. Proper word order in a sentence
- •Inversion
- •3. Role of object and attribute
- •Issues to discuss
- •Classifying Sentences by structure
- •Vary sentence relationships by using coordination and subordination
3. The Category of Mood
The meaning of the category of mood is a speaker’s or writer’s attitude towards the content of the sentence, whether the speaker considers the action real, unreal, desirable, necessary, etc. It is expressed in the forms of the verb. There are three moods in English – the Indicative mood, the Imperative mood, the Subjunctive mood.
|
Meaning |
Form |
Indicative mood |
Real facts; It has a wide variety of tense and aspect forms in the active and passive voice. |
Cactuses need little water. How many people can get into a telephone box? As I was walking down the road, I saw Bill. All the wars in history have taught us nothing. The visitors were shown a collection of old manuscripts. |
Imperative mood |
Command or request; It has no tense category and always refers to the future and is addressed to the 2nd person. |
+ Infinitive without to; - Do not (don’t) + inf.; ! do + infinitive (emphatic); Let + infinitive (to a 1st or 3rd person): Look in the mirror before you drive off. Please do not lean out of the window. Try again – you nearly did it. Do forgive me – I didn’t mean to interrupt. Always remember what I told you. Let us pray. Let him not overestimate his chances.
|
Subjunctive mood |
Non-facts: unreal or hypothetical actions or states, regarded as desired, necessary, possible, supposed, imaginary, or contradicted reality.
|
The synthetic forms The present subjunctive (base of the verb) is a special kind of present tense which has no –s in 3rd person singular. Compare:
The present subjunctive of to be is be for all persons. He required that all be in secret. It is important that Helen be present when we sign papers. These forms are mainly confined to formal style and certain set expressions (prayers, wishes): Heaven forbid! The devil take him! God save the King! The past subjunctive (unreal past) has exactly the same form as the simple past except the verb be that exists only in the form of were. He behaved as though he were an owner. If I were you I should stop smoking. If you were there. If it were true! The analytical forms 1) Should + infinitive (for the 1st person singular and plural) Would + infinitive (for the other persons). These forms denote hypothetical actions, either imagined as resulting from hypothetical condition, or else presented as a real possibility. I would not praise the boy so much. Would you help me if I needed your help? He would smoke too much if I didn’t stop him now and again. 2) would + infinitive for all persons (it expresses desirable action in future). Let us invite him. He would gladly accept the invitation. I wish you would go there too. |
Usage of Subjunctive mood
The Present Subjunctive is used in that-clauses in a formal style after verbs, adjectives, and nouns that express a necessity, plan, or intention for the future (or the future-in-the-past). She insisted that he help her. The commander recommended that Simmons remain in prison for at least three years. The judge demands that the prisoner tell the truth. (Note that the same forms are used in both present and past sentences).
Verbs that follow this pattern express the idea that something is important or desirable: order, command, insist, recommend, demand, request, ask, propose, suggest. They ordered (that) the prisoner (not) be released. The Director asked that he be allowed to advertise for more staff. He suggested that he pay.
Adjectives that follow this pattern: important, vital, essential, necessary, desirable and others with similar meaning. It is essential that every child have the same educational opportunities. Our advice is that the company invest in new equipment. We felt it was vital that James write to Uncle Arthur as soon as possible. We considered it is desirable that he not leave the school before finishing his exams (DO is not used in negative subjunctives. Note the word order).
Nouns that follow this pattern are related to the verbs listed above: order, request, proposal, suggestion. Our advice is that the company invest in new equipment.
Note that the present subjunctive structures are formal and not very common in modern English). In that-clauses, British people usually prefer should + infinitive, or ordinary present and past tenses. She insisted that he should help her. The judge demands that the prisoner should tell the truth. It is essential that every child should have the same educational opportunities. (OR …that every child has…). We felt it was vital that James should write to Uncle Arthur as soon as possible. (OR…that James wrote…).