1. Lexical and grammatical meaning and classification

The adverb in English and in Ukrainian is indeclinable notional word expressing the quality or state of an action, the circumstances in which the action proceeds, or a degree of some other quality. In other words, the adverbs are words that tell when, where, how, or to what degree an action occurs. Adverbs modify verbs – hence the name (do thoroughly), adjectives (extremely kind), other adverbs (extremely badly), phrases, clauses, or entire sentences (Obviously, I don't know everything). In the examples below, the arrows show you which words the adverbs modify.

Bright red trucks quickly drove there yesterday.

My very dirty sneakers now are drying slowly outside.

English adverbs are mostly formed with the help of the suffixes –ly (quickly, slowly, greatly), -ward/s (seaward, eastwards), -ways (sideways), -fold (twofold) and partially with the help of prefixes –a (aback, aside, astride) and be- (before, besides).

Adverbs in Ukrainian may be formed by the means of suffixes as well as of prefixes and suffixes (combined) (гарно, надійно, добре, зле, дарма, лежма, по-людськи, по-свинськи, по-своєму, по-їхньому, найкраще, найзручніше, якнайшвидше).

Several prefixes in Ukrainian and in English form adverbs from other parts of speech (ahead, across, outsides – вгору, вдень, втретє).

A characteristic feature of Ukrainian adverbs is their correlation with indirect case forms of prepositional nouns, prepositions and nouns (безвісти, безперестанку, відразу, додому, зранку, скраю, спочатку; вмить, підряд, навіки, заміж, через силу; водночас, насамперед, на півдорозі, віч-на-віч, всього-на-всього, пліч-о-пліч, нога в ногу, рік у рік). Consequently, they correspond to the following English compound adverbs and adverbial phrases (day-long, henceforward, upside-down, moreover, therefore, within, by chance, by heart, one by one).

Equally common in both languages is the formation of adverbs by reduplication (so-so, willy-nilly, fifty-fifty – ось-ось, ледве-ледве, хоч-не-хоч, скоро-скоро, тихо-тихо).

Forming of adverbs from adjectives. Spelling rules

1. Regular general: + -ly Consonant + -e Vowel + -le Vowel + -l	Nice, wise Sole, pale Oral, careful Cold, quick	Nicely, wisely Solely, palely Orally, carefully Coldly, quickly
2. Words ending with –e Consonant + -le (drop –e, add –y only) Vowel + -e (drop –e, add –ly)	Able, regrettable, single Due, true	Ably, regrettably, singly Duly, truly
3. words ending -ic: add -ally	Cryptic, ethnic, public	Cryptically, ethnically But: publicly
4. words ending with –y: (change –y to –i + -ly)	Happy, lazy, gay, shy, dry, sly	Happily, lazily, gaily. But: dryly, shyly, slyly

-ly words – adjectives only: Some common words ending in –ly are in fact adjectives only. They can not be used as adverbs, and if an adverb is needed a phrase must be used: He acted in a cowardly way. They greeted us in a friendly manner.

A . From nouns & verbs: beastly - тваринний, beggarly - жалюгідний; costly - дорогий, цінний, cowardly - боязкий 2) легкодухий, малодушний; friendly - дружній, leisurely - повільний, неквапливий, likely - ймовірний; вірогідний;

Lovely - гарний, чудовий,masterly - майстерний; досконалий; miserly - скупий, worldly - земний, мирський, etc.

B . From adjectives: deadly - смертельний; elderly - літній, в літах; lively - живий; lonely - самотній lowly - що займає низьке (скромне) становище; sickly - хворобливий;

C . Other: silly - дурний, недоумкуватий; ugly - потворний; огидний.

-ly words – same form for adjectives and adverbs: hourly, daily, nightly, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, yearly, early. But: annual (adj) and annually (adv). Some common words in –ly are both adjectives and adverbs: What’s the point of having daily papers delivered weekly?