2. Grammatical categories of numbers

In English the number is an invariable part of speech whereas in Ukrainian it has a category of case (два, двох, двом, двома та ін.).

In both languages there is no category of number, except Ukrainian number один: один підручник, одні сани, одні окуляри, одні хлопці.

Category of gender does not pertain to English numbers, it is inherent only to the Ukrainian numbers один (одна, одно), два (дві), обидва (обидві), півтора (півтори).

In both contrasted languages numbers, being substantives may be used without their nouns. In Ukrainian mostly collective nouns (двоє, троє, четверо) perform various syntactic functions.

Alomorphic is a feature of English numbers used to identify a year, a book page or section, etc. In such cases we use cardinal numbers instead of ordinals: page five, lesson two, number eight, cloud nine, п’ята сторінка, другий урок, восьмий номер, сьоме небо, etc. This structure is common in titles: Book Four, Act Three.

In both contrasted languages ordinal perform an attributive function: the third floor, третій поверх.

3. Points to notice about numbers

• When we talk about amounts and quantities we normally use singular determiners, verbs and pronouns, even if the noun is plural: Where is that five pounds I lent you? Twenty miles is a long way to walk. Three quarters of a ton is too much. 3.6 kilometres is about two miles. ‘We’ve only got five litres of petrol left.’ ‘That isn’t enough.’

• Singular verbs are often possible after plural number subjects in spoken calculations. Two and two is/are four. Ten times five is fifty.

• The expression more than one is generally used with a singular noun and verb. If things don’t get better, more than one person is going to have to find a new job.

• Expressions beginning one of normally have a plural noun and a singular verb. One of my friends is going to Holland next month.

• After a definite number, dozen, hundred, thousand, million and billion are never made plural, and of is not used. This also happens after several and a few. If however, these words are used loosely, merely to convey the idea of a large number, they must be made plural. Compare: six hundred men, hundreds of people; ten thousand pounds, hundreds of pounds; two dozen eggs, dozens of times; several thousand times, thousands of birds.

• Singular forms are used as modifiers before nouns in plural measuring expressions: a five-pound note, six two-hour lessons, A four-foot deep hole, a three-mile walk, a two-month-old baby, a six-foot tall man.

• The number one is often left out: a pint mug, a litre jar.

• In fractions, the plural –s is not dropped: a two-thirds share.

• In measurements of temperature, 0 is called zero in both British and American English. Zero is followed by a plural noun. Zero degrees Celsius is thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.

• In telephone numbers, we say each figure separately, pausing after groups of three or four. When the same figure comes twice, British people usually say double: 307 4922 = three oh seven, four nine double two.

• The article the normally precedes ordinal numbers: the sixtieth day, the fortieth visitor.

• Names of kings, queens, page numbers in the introductions to some books, the numbers of paragraphs in some documents, the numbers of questions in some examinations, etc. are written in Roman figures. It was built in the time of Henry VIII. For details see introduction page ix. Do question (vi) or question (vii), but not both.

Peculiarities of prepositions

A preposition relates or 'positions' a noun or pronoun to another element of the sentence. Common prepositions are words such as 'at', 'by', 'in', 'to', 'from', 'under', and 'with': We all went to the cinema straight from the restaurant.

Prepositions can have a direct relationship with the physical world, or relate abstract concepts to each other: The Conservatives have slid to the left of the Liberals.

The following list of common prepositions appears in the Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language: above, about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, between, but, by, down, during, except, for, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, since, to, toward, through, under, until, up, with, and within.

Usage can be more of an art than a science. Often it comes down to what sounds right rather than the application of a rule.

Compare:  to be angry with smb : Helen was angry with me for keeping her waiting. Олена россердилась на меня за те, що я примусив її чекати.  to be famous for smth.: Pierre Curie is famous for his discoveries in physics. Пьер Кьюри известен открытиями в области физики. At times she gets to work on foot. Інколи вона ходитьдо работи пішки .  to be fond of smth. HM the Queen is not very fond of going to concerts . Ее Величество не очень любит посещать концерты.

We expect them to arrive at the airport by 5. Мы ожидаем их прибытия в аэропорт к 5 часам.

 to arrive at the station Пример употребления: I am not sure that your train will arrive at this station . Я не уверен, что ваш поезд прибудет на этот вокзал .

 to arrive in the city (town) The Japanese delegation is arriving in the city at the end of this week. Японская делегация прибывает в город в конце этой недели.

 to be late for smth. Jane is often late for classes . Джейн часто опаздывает на занятия .

 to depend on smb. Пример употребления: Lots of things depend on you . Многое зависит от вас .

 to travel by train/car/plane This time I would prefer travelling by plane . На этот раз я предпочту путешествовать самолетом .

 to graduate from the university/institute/college : Many outstanding people have graduated from Oxford. Многие выдающиеся личности закончили Оксфордский университет .

 to be on a trip Our office-manager is on a business trip at the moment. В настоящий момент наш офис-менеджер находится в командировке .

 to happen to smb. What has happened to you ? Что с тобой произошло ?

 to be surprised at smth. Jack will be very much surprised at your departure . Джек очень удивится вашему отъезду .

 to make an impression on smb. Last week's performance at Covent Garden made a great impression on the audience . Театральная постановка прошлой недели в Ковент Гарден произвела огромное впечатление на публику .

 to go on doing smth. Despite a terrible headache John went on singing . Джон продолжал петь несмотря на дикую головную боль.

 to be good at smth. They are really very good at translating news bulletins. Они действительно очень хорошо переводят новости.

 books/articles/music by smb. Have you read any books by Agatha Christie? Вы читали какие-нибудь произведения Агаты Кристи?

 in advance We thank you in advance . - Перевод: Заранее благодарим вас.

 a test on a subject Senior students will be tested on the World History at the end of the term. В конце семестра студентам старших курсов предстоит написать тест по всемирной истории .

 to rely on smb./smth. You may rely on me . Вы можете полагаться на меня .

 to have influence on smb./smth. The Yukos row has a negative influence on Russia's image abroad . Скандал вокруг нефтяной компании "ЮКОС" оказывает негативное влияние на имидж России за рубежом .

 in a week/month/year He is leaving in a day . Он уезжает через день .

ADVERBS