- •1. Role of Grammar among other linguistic disciplines
- •3. History of Grammar development. Historical and contemporary views on Grammar as a science
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Object of Morphology and Syntax study, their principal concepts
- •2. Notions of the grammar category and opposition. Grammar categories identifying in morphology and syntax
- •2. Classification of morphemes
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Parts of speech classification
- •Morphological structure of nouns
- •Issues to discuss:
- •Categories of nouns
- •Nouns in groups. Noun modifiers
- •Noun determiners
- •Functions of nouns in a sentence
- •Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •Issues to discuss:
- •Lexical and grammatical meaning of verb, its morphological structure
- •Classification of verbs due to their semantic and grammatical properties
- •3. Grammatical categories of verbs
- •Issues to discuss:
- •2. Categories of tense and aspect
- •3. The Category of Mood
- •The Past Subjunctive
- •Fixed (set) expressions
- •4. Grammatical category of state, its types
- •Issues to discuss:
- •General characteristics of modal verbs in English and Ukrainian
- •2. Shade of meanings (nuances) expressed by the modals
- •Issues to discuss
- •Lexical and grammatical meaning of non-finite forms of verbs
- •Categories and functions of infinities
- •Categories and functions of gerund
- •Categories and functions of participles
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Lexical and grammatical meaning; semantic and structural classification
- •2. Grading. Category of comparison
- •Syntactic position and functions of adjectives
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Lexical and grammatical meaning, classification, categories and functions of pronouns
- •3) Reflexive pronouns
- •4) Demonstrative pronouns
- •2. Grammatical categories of numbers
- •3. Points to notice about numbers
- •1. Lexical and grammatical meaning and classification
- •2. Grammatical categories
- •3. Syntactic positions and functions
- •Issues to discuss
- •Structure of a simple sentence
- •2. Main parts of the sentence, their peculiarities
- •3. Secondary Parts of the Sentence
- •Issues to discuss
- •1. Proper word order in a sentence
- •Inversion
- •3. Role of object and attribute
- •Issues to discuss
- •Classifying Sentences by structure
- •Vary sentence relationships by using coordination and subordination
Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
Issues to discuss:
1. Lexical and grammatical meaning of verb, its morphological structure.
2. Classification of verbs due to their semantic and grammatical properties.
3. Categories of verbs.
Terminology:
Verbalization; lexical, auxiliary, linking verbs, modals, regular/ irregular, action, state, transitive/ intransitive, predication; person, number, tense, mood, aspect, voice.
Lexical and grammatical meaning of verb, its morphological structure
Verbs in English and Ukrainian have the largest number of features in common. They include the general implicit meaning of the verb which serves to convey verbalization, i.e. different kinds of actions (go, skate, read, cook). In other words, a verb expresses action (organize, sing) or state of being (seem or be). Due to these lexical and grammatical properties the verb generally functions in a sentence as predicate going into some combinations:
1) With notional parts of speech which perform the function of the subject or the object of a sentence: (The sun shines; The trees grow; He typically avoids clichés; The student passed his exams).
2) With other verbs (to want to know, decided to dance) or with adverbs (The chief normally expresses formally; to cook properly, to read quickly);
3) With prepositions (to depend on sth / smb; to get on well with smb, put out the fire) and also with conjunctions (neither read, nor write; both to work and to relax).
Allomorphic is the combinability of English verbs with adverb particles, so-called phrasal verbs (to look for, to calm down, to put off / out; think over, to read through, to keep on). They are not equal to the Ukrainian subjunctive mood particles би / б (пити б, хотів би, знав би).
According to their morphological structure, verbs can be divided into simple, derivative, compound and phrasal.
Simple verbs consist of only one root morpheme: to add, to use, to ask, to form, to learn.
Derivative verbs are composed of one root morpheme and one or more derivational morphemes (suffixes and prefixes: decorate, summarize, exemplify).
Compound verbs consist of at least two stems: to overflow, understand, overlap, contradict supervise.
Phrasal verbs consist of a verbal stem and adverbial particle, which is sometimes referred to as postposition: to give up, to bring up.
The verbs in the contrasted languages have its characteristic stem-building suffixes or postfixes:
-ate (decorate, eliminate, liquidate, separate, enumerate); -fy (stupefy, exemplify; testify, clarify, justify, verify, beautify); -ize (summarize; emphasize, realize, generalize); -en (widen, blacken, enlighten, enlarge, enhance);
-ти/ть (брати, давати, лякати); -тися (сваритися, помилятися); -сь (молитись, обмитись, вчитись). Ukrainian verbs, unlike the English ones, may also be formed with the help of diminutive suffixes (спатки, їстки, спатоньки, їстоньки, питоньки).
The most common prefixes in English that form verbs are: ex- (exclaim, explain, expand); il-/ir-/in- inactivate, illustrate, irritate, irrigate); re- (restore, reduce, retell, recollect); out- (outfit, outlook); sub- (submit, subordinate); un- (undo, unbind, uncover, unfold).
Some suffixes in Ukrainian form aspective (durative, perfective) meanings of verbs (прочитати – прочитувати, загоїти – загоювати, приховати - приховувати), a sudden action (колоти – кольнути, штовхати – штовхнути, копати - копнути).