- •1. Role of Grammar among other linguistic disciplines
- •3. History of Grammar development. Historical and contemporary views on Grammar as a science
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Object of Morphology and Syntax study, their principal concepts
- •2. Notions of the grammar category and opposition. Grammar categories identifying in morphology and syntax
- •2. Classification of morphemes
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Parts of speech classification
- •Morphological structure of nouns
- •Issues to discuss:
- •Categories of nouns
- •Nouns in groups. Noun modifiers
- •Noun determiners
- •Functions of nouns in a sentence
- •Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •Issues to discuss:
- •Lexical and grammatical meaning of verb, its morphological structure
- •Classification of verbs due to their semantic and grammatical properties
- •3. Grammatical categories of verbs
- •Issues to discuss:
- •2. Categories of tense and aspect
- •3. The Category of Mood
- •The Past Subjunctive
- •Fixed (set) expressions
- •4. Grammatical category of state, its types
- •Issues to discuss:
- •General characteristics of modal verbs in English and Ukrainian
- •2. Shade of meanings (nuances) expressed by the modals
- •Issues to discuss
- •Lexical and grammatical meaning of non-finite forms of verbs
- •Categories and functions of infinities
- •Categories and functions of gerund
- •Categories and functions of participles
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Lexical and grammatical meaning; semantic and structural classification
- •2. Grading. Category of comparison
- •Syntactic position and functions of adjectives
- •Issues to discuss:
- •1. Lexical and grammatical meaning, classification, categories and functions of pronouns
- •3) Reflexive pronouns
- •4) Demonstrative pronouns
- •2. Grammatical categories of numbers
- •3. Points to notice about numbers
- •1. Lexical and grammatical meaning and classification
- •2. Grammatical categories
- •3. Syntactic positions and functions
- •Issues to discuss
- •Structure of a simple sentence
- •2. Main parts of the sentence, their peculiarities
- •3. Secondary Parts of the Sentence
- •Issues to discuss
- •1. Proper word order in a sentence
- •Inversion
- •3. Role of object and attribute
- •Issues to discuss
- •Classifying Sentences by structure
- •Vary sentence relationships by using coordination and subordination
Issues to discuss
Lexical and grammatical meaning of non-finite forms of verbs.
Categories and functions of infinitives.
Categories and functions of gerund.
Categories and functions of participles.
Terminology:
Non-finite forms of the verb, verbal, infinitive, gerund, participle
Lexical and grammatical meaning of non-finite forms of verbs
Compare:
He stopped smoking. And he stopped to smoke.
I like dancing. And I’d like to dance.
Unlike verb tenses (writes, stood), infinitives do not usually show the actual time and carry no such grammatical information such as tense. Infinitive in both languages is non-finite base form of the verb: to stand, to write.
The content of the verbal in the contrasted languages includes some common and divergent forms. Common are the infinitive and the two participles; divergent are the gerund in English and the diyepryslivnik in Ukrainian. Far from identical are the morphological categories pertaining to these non-finite forms of the verb. Thus, verbals from transitive verbs have the following categorical distinction in both languages.
VERBAL |
ENGLISH
|
UKRAINIAN |
Infinitive |
Active: to ask, to understand; Passive: to be asked, to be understood |
Активний: запитувати, Пасивний: бути запитаним.
|
Non-progressive |
Active: to ask smb; Perfect: to have asked smb; Passive: to have been asked by smb |
Недоконаного виду: злить, цвісти, їсти; Доконаного виду: збити, зацвісти, проспати, поїсти |
Progressive infinitive |
Active: to be asking smb; Perfect: to have been asking smb. |
Non-available |
Gerund |
Active: asking; Passive: being asked; Active perfect: having asked; Passive perfect: having been asked |
Gerund is not available Дієприслівник активний теперішнього часу: йдучи, маючи, знаючи, очікуючи. Активний минулого часу: ішовши, давши, узнавши, зачекавши |
Participle I |
Present active: asking; Passive: being asked; Perfect active: having asked; Perfect passive: having been asked |
Дієприкметник активний теперішнього часу: читаючий, читаюча, читаюче, мигаючий, мигаюче. Активний минулого часу: перемігший, здолавший, усміхнений |
Participle II |
Passive (only past): asked, made, decided, seen, purchased, offered. |
Пасивний минулого часу: запрошений, пройдений, здійснений |
The forms of verbals in the contrasted languages testify to the existence of allomorphisms both in their structural forms and in their categorical meanings. Thus, the English infinitive is always distinguished by its marker ‘TO’ (to come, to be asked, to be lying), whereas the Ukrainian infinitive is characterized by the suffixes –ти, -ть, -тись, -тися.