- •3219 Методичні вказівки
- •Immunity
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Give the explanation of following terms:
- •2 Say what type of immunity is spoken about:
- •Organs of the Immune System
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Find in the text English equivalents for the following sentences:
- •2 Make up a dialogue.
- •3 Give the explanation of following terms:
- •4 Discuss the picture given in the text.
- •Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Answer the questions:
- •2 Respond to the following tasks:
- •Myths about hiv and aids
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Explain with your own words why myths about hiv are dangerous.
- •2 Say what group of myths is spoken about:
- •3 Look at the statements and say whether they are true or false. But don’t answer only «It’s true», or «It’s false», try to give your own explanation to the given statement.
- •Hiv Treatment
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Give full answer to given survey questions:
- •2 Respond to the following tasks:
- •3 Answer the following:
- •4 Find in the text English equivalents for following sentences:
- •Allergy
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Translate the following terms and use them in making sentences of your own:
- •2 Translate the following:
- •3 Respond to the given assignments:
- •Endocrine System
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Give the meaning of the following:
- •2 Choose the proper continuation:
- •3 Translate the following:
- •4 Give the explanation of following terms:
- •Endocrine System Disorders
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Respond to the following tasks:
- •2 Find in the text English equivalents for the following sentences:
- •3 Describe the symptoms of one of the endocrine system disorders for other students to guess.
- •4 Render the text Endocrine System Disorders.
- •Respiratory System
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Answer the questions:
- •2 Say what organ is spoken about:
- •Unit 10
- •Respiration
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Explain the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation using the picture given in the text.
- •2 Respond to the following tasks:
- •Unit 11
- •Respiratory System Disorders
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Give the explanation of following terms:
- •2 Match the definition of the disease in column I with the name of the disease in column II:
- •3 Translate the following:
- •Unit 12
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Match the definition of the disease in column I with the name of the disease in column II:
- •2 What myths about asthma do you know? Try to disprove them. Unit 13
- •Nervous System
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Answer the questions:
- •2 Retell the stages of neurotransmittion using the picture given in the text. Unit 14
- •Nervous System Disorders
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Match the definition of the disease in column I with the name of the disease in column II:
- •2 Translate the following:
- •Unit 15
- •The Brain
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Say what part of brain is spoken about:
- •2 Answer the questions:
- •3 Translate the following:
- •Unit 16
- •Human Sense Organs
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Translate the following:
- •2 Answer the questions:
- •Unit 17
- •The Human Eye
- •Visual purple
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Describe the structure of the human eye using the picture in the text.
- •2 Answer the questions:
- •3 Translate the following:
- •Unit 18
- •The Human Ear
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Describe the structure of the human ear using the picture in the text.
- •2 Answer the questions:
- •3 Translate the following:
- •Unit 19
- •The Human Skin
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Describe the structure of the human skin using the picture in the text.
- •2 Answer the questions:
- •3 Translate the following:
- •Unit 20
- •Dermatitis
- •Post-text assignments
- •1 Match the definition of the disease in column I with the name of the disease in column II:
- •2 Answer the questions:
- •3 Translate the following:
- •Список літератури
- •Методичні вказівки
Post-text assignments
1 Find in the text English equivalents for the following sentences:
1 Усі лімфоцити виходять із лімфатичних вузлів через вихідні лімфатичні судини.
2 Як і лімфатичні вузли, селезінка містить спеціалізовані відділення, де клітини імунної системи збираються та протистоять антигенам.
3 Система видаляє тканинні рідини з міжклітинного простору і захищає організм від бактеріальної інвазії.
4 Імунна система може знайти і знищити хвороботворні бактерії, інфіковані клітини та пухлинні клітини.
5 Приблизно через шість днів після народження концентрація в сироватці специфічних антитіл різко зростає, і це зростання триває до дорослого рівня, досягнення якого відбувається приблизно на кінець першого року.
6 Т- і В-лімфоцити – це єдині одиниці імунної системи, які здатні до антиген-специфічного впізнавання; вони відповідальні за адаптивний імунітет.
2 Make up a dialogue.
Ask what and where questions using the picture in the text. Use these words and phrases: near, round, inside, above, under, below, in the center of, on the right/left of, lateral, medial, etc.
3 Give the explanation of following terms:
bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes.
4 Discuss the picture given in the text.
Example:
One student names organs and shows them in the picture.
1st student: This is an appendix, these are lymph nodes.
Another student describes the same picture as follows:
2nd student: This is a bone marrow, these are not Peyer’s patches. This is not a thymus, this is a spleen.
Unit 3
Pre-text assignment
Learn the key words and phrases:
dormant, host cell, impaired, contaminated, blood-born virus, illicit drugs, promiscuous sexual practices.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981 and its incidence is roughly doubling each year. It is caused by a retrovirus – a virus that contains RNA, instead of DNA, as its genetic material. The virus is called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and it is widespread throughout the world. (A related virus, called HIV-2, which can also cause AIDS, occurs mainly in West Africa.) The HIV viruses infect T-helper cells – the cells required to activate B lymphocytes and induce the production of antibodies – as well as some macrophages, B cells, endothelial cells, and neuroglial cells.
When an AIDS virus infects a T-helper cell, its viral RNA is used to make viral DNA (viral genes), which in turn may be incorporated into the host cell’s DNA. Then, the virus may become dominant, failing to produce any noticeable effects for some time. During this latency period, which may last for several years, the infected person may show no symptoms of AIDS, but can probably transmit viruses to uninfected persons.
For example, if the viral genes in the infected T-helper cell are activated by some unknown factor, the genes induce the production of new AIDS viruses that can leave the host cell, infect other T-helper cells, and kill them. As a consequence of widespread T-helper cell destruction, the person’s immune system is greatly impaired, and the group of symptoms (syndrome) that characterize AIDS develops. These symptoms include enlargement of lymph nodes, weight loss, and fever, as well as severe, opportunistic infections caused by a variety of bacteria, protozoa (such as Pneumocystis carinii), fungi, and viruses, and the appearance of certain forms of cancer (Kaposi’s sarcoma, carcinoma of the skin and rectum, and B cell lymphoma). The AIDS virus may also appear in the nervous system, where it infects the neuroglial cells, causing a loss of white matter and a variety of neurological dysfunctions. Some AIDS patients develop serious neurological problems without impairment of their immune responses.
The transmission of this disease seems to require the direct introduction of the AIDS virus into the blood, as may occur during certain sexual activities, such as anal intercourse, in which the skin or mucous membranes are damaged. The virus can also be transmitted by contaminated hypodermic needles or by the transfusion of virus-containing blood or blood products.
AIDS is apparently not spread by casual contact with AIDS patients. In fact, a study involving several hundred family members with AIDS patients living at home revealed that the AIDS virus had not been transmitted to any of the household members, except by sexual contact.
The persons who are at greatest risk of containing AIDS are homosexual and bisexual males (who have comprised about 70% of the AIDS patients in recent years), heterosexual intravenous drug abusers (19%), and heterosexuals (male or female) whose sexual partners are infected (4%). The remaining 7% of AIDS patients do not belong to one of these high-risk groups and have acquired the disease from some other source, such as a transfusion of, or skin exposure to, contaminated blood or blood products. The unborn fetuses of infected mothers, for example, acquire the disease in about 50% of the cases. As a result, one of the more rapidly growing groups of AIDS patients is comprised of children born to the infected mothers who are intravenous drug users or whose sexual partners are intravenous drug users. In about 3% of AIDS patients, the source of the virus remains undetermined.
Antibodies appear in the blood of persons infected by the AIDS virus, and these antibodies can usually be detected by means of a simple blood test performed between two weeks and three months following exposure to the virus. If antibodies do not develop within several months following exposure to the virus, it is assumed that the person has not become infected.
At present, no vaccine is available to prevent AIDS infections, and there is no cure for the disease. To prevent contact with the AIDS virus (as well as other blood-borne viruses, such as the hepatitis B virus), healthcare workers are advised to avoid puncturing their skin with needles contaminated with blood or blood products. They should also take special precautions to prevent skin and mucous membrane contact with body fluids of all patients, including vaginal secretions, seminal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, serous fluids from the pleural, peritoneal, or pericardial cavities, and any other body fluids that contain visible blood.
According to the Surgeon General of the U.S. Public Health Service, the most certain way for members of the general population to avoid becoming infected with the AIDS virus (and to control the AIDS epidemic in the United States) is for individuals to avoid promiscuous sexual practices, to maintain mutually faithful monogamous sexual relationships, and to avoid injecting illicit drugs.