- •Kiwi identity . Nicholas Tarling, The Essential Pocket Kiwi
- •Inventing national identity
- •Round-table discussion
- •Skinheads in Russia
- •Lamentable as I am at public speaking... By Simon Jenkins, the "Times"
- •Public speaking by Brian MacArthur
- •Oratory techniques 1 (by Michelle Lowe and Ben Graham, abridged)
- •"This was their finest hour"
- •MPs must guard against presidential power
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •II. Paraphrase or explain:
- •III. What means of emphasis are used in the speech?
- •IV. What softening or mitigating devices are used in the speech?
- •V. Talking points
- •Inversion
- •Inversion takes place:
- •Emphatic structures
- •Oratory techniques 2 (by Malcolm Kushner, abridged)
- •1. Material-Based Introduction
- •2. Audience-Centered Introductions
- •Introductory Speech
- •Oratory techniques 3 (by Malcolm Kushner, abridged) The Role of Nonverbal Communication
- •The power of public speaking
- •George Bush's Nomination Acceptance Speech
- •Честное ленинское Апология (in support of) политического косноязычия
- •The gettysburg address abraham lincoln
- •Inauguraladdress
- •Schoolboy politics Bush hits the wrong note at the un
- •A political show
- •Как строили свои речи знаменитые люди
- •If you're a liar, a bully or a cheat, then you too could be a great world leader Tracy McVeigh, the Observer
- •Another kind of leader (by Gloria Borger, us News & World Report)
- •Gladstone — a leader without equal Lord Jenkins assesses the fortunes of Britain's 51 Prime Ministers, the Times.
- •Founding rivalries More like squabbling brothers than "fathers", how did they succeed? (Jay Tolson, us News & World Report, abridged)
- •John adams (1735-1826)
- •Amazing greys (abridged from Punch) Peter Freedman champions the politicians who dare to be dull.
- •Better a tricky dicky than a grey man in a grey suit By John Humphrys, the Sunday Times (abridged)
Introductory Speech
Good evening ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for 1________It 2 me great 3 to 4 our guest 5 for this evening, Dr Claire Tomlinson, who is going to 6 us on the subject of international diplomacy — a topic she knows a great deal about.
Dr Tomlinson began her highly successful 7 as aJan 8 working at the British 9 in Rabat, Mo- rocco, where she worked in the Cultural 10 until 1985. She then took up the 11 of First 12 at the 13_____ in Cairo and remained in Egypt for eight years. In 1993, she moved to Amman where she became the first woman 14 to ordan, the 15 which she currently 16 .
Dr. Tomlinson is a/an 17 in the Middle East affairs, and a/an 18 interest of hers is the highly topical 19 of hijacking. She has been directly 20 in the delicate 21 that take place between governments over international 22 of this kind, and her talk will 23 on the role of 24 in 25 such crises.
May I take this 26 of 27 you, Dr Tomlinson, for giving up your 28 time to be here with us this evening and for agreeing to give us the benefit of your long 29 , I 30 Dr. Tomlinson is going to speak for about one hour, and will leave about half an hour for 31 and 32 . So, 33 you please 34 tonight's 35 , Dr Claire Tomlinson.
Read the text below and make up a list of all possible tricks and tips for improving your presentation. Think of what else you can add to the list.
Oratory techniques 3 (by Malcolm Kushner, abridged) The Role of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication is said to account for as much as 93 percent of a speaker's message. The numbers usually cited are 38 percent for vocal qualities and 55 percent for facial expressions, gestures, and movements. Only 7 percent of the messages is attributed to the words that are actually spoken.
However there is another point of view: Nonverbal communication is very important but its importance is overrated. You can give a successful presentation without having perfect gestures, eye contact and body language. The secret lies in matching your message to audience needs. Let's say you are a Nobel Prize-winning cancer researcher speaking to a group of cancer patients. You tell them that you've just discovered the cure for cancer and that you will present it to them. You know what? Those cancer patients don't care if you gesture or make eye contact. They don't care if you mumble. They don't care if you face the wall and spit wooden nickels. Just tell them the cure.
Nonverbal communication is important especially if you can't make an exact match between your topic and the needs of your audience, or if you don't have a lot of credibility. Then your delivery becomes critical. The way you carry yourself and project your message has a big effect on how that message is received. If the speaker droned from a script and never looked at the audience, made a gesture, or changed position, you probably disliked the experience — if you stayed awake. If the speaker was dynamic — moved around, made dramatic gestures, engaged the eyes of the audience — you may have enjoyed the speech despite your lack of interest in the topic. When you have to give a talk that you don't want to give, that's a command performance. When you give it and get the audience to pay attention, that's a commanding performance. The difference between the two comes down to one word — enthusiasm. If you're enthusiastic, your audience will be too. Enthusiasm is contagious. And it's communicated nonverbally.
Body language refers to the messages you send through facial expression, posture, and gesture. A smile indicates happiness. A frown means disapproval. Leaning forward means active engagement in the discussion. What's not as obvious is how you employ body language. Nonverbal cues can affect your credibility. A common mistake speakers make is presenting nonverbal messages that undermine the believability of what they're actually saying. A classic example occurred during a presidential campaign debate between George Bush and Bill Clinton. Although
George Bush spoke about how important certain issues were for the American people, he kept looking at his watch. He gave the impression that he was bored and couldn't wait for the debate to end. Many observers felt that this action undermined his credibility. He didn't look like he thought the issues were very important. Another classic example is former President Jimmy Carter. He used to punctuate his sentences with smiles. Every time he finished a sentence, he'd beam a big warm smile at the audience. While the smiles revealed his warm, compassionate nature, they were often disconcerting. He'd be talking about nuclear war and the need for disarmament and the threat of global annihilation, and he'd smile after each sentence. In fact, inappropriate smiling can undermine your entire message. Try a little experiment. Tell someone to meet you for lunch while shaking your head "no". Your verbal and nonverbal messages conflict. Which will your listener believe? The answer is: you won't be having a companion for lunch today. When verbal and nonverbal messages conflict, we believe the nonverbal.
Another thing to keep in mind is eye contact.
a. Do look at individuals. As you gaze around the room, make eye contact with as many individuals as possible. A common myth is to pick out a friendly face and look at it. That gets weird fast. This poor person wonders why you're staring at him or her, and so does the rest of the audience. Look at a variety of individuals. Remember, you want to be a search light, not a laser beam.
b. Do establish eye contact at the end of a thought. Allen Weiner, President of Communication Development Associates, says eye contact is most effective at the end of a thought. People will nod their heads under the pressure of your gaze and that's a big plus. For example, a speaker says, "I think what we really need is a change around here". Allen explains that the "I think what we really need" is just setup. It's the "change around here" that requires the eye contact. In other words, you force people to nod when you make a point. That nodding doesn't automatically mean that they agree with you, but it subconsciously forces the audience in that direction.
The last but not the least tip is pauses. A common mistake among inexperienced and nervous speakers is to speak without pausing. They just rush through their speeches, one thought merging into another. The audience listens to a lot of words but doesn't hear a thing. They become clogged with information. The pause is a vital part of the communication process. "It leaves time for the meaning of what's been said to sink in", explains speech guru Jim Lukuszewski. "And it clears the way for the importance of what comes next". He also notes that pausing before a change of subject, major point, or interesting fact creates an impression of confidence. Pausing also highlights the point. Lloyd Auerbach, a corporate trainer for Lexis-Nexis, as well as a professional magician, believes a pause should always precede an important point. In fact, he suggests actively looking'for opportunities to build pauses into your presentation.
Exercise 20
Now write your own speech. You can choose one of the following topics, or one of your own.
English is the worst language to act as a world language.
The case for being a pacifist.
There should be no commercials promoting beer on TV.
Cigarettes should be banned in public places.
The vote should be given to all people from the age of 16.
People below the age of 17 should not be admitted to university.
Those who go in for politics should not be allowed to do business.
All people should retire at 50.
Deliver your speech to the class. Remember to address your audience properly and don't forget a vote of thanks at the end. When you have finished, the class should take a vote to see if they support you or not!
Here are two examples of public speaking, which any public figure may be called upon to pronounce one day. Analyze their strong points and weaknesses.
SPEECH BY THE PARLIAMENTARY UNDERSECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH AFFAIRS, BARONESS SCOTLAND OF ASTHAL, TO THE LONDON CONSULAR CORPS
Ladies and gentlemen,
Every speech that a Minister gives starts with a sincere expression of delight at having been invited. I wouldn't want to disappoint you, so let me start by saying how delighted I was to be invited to have lunch with you today. But, and I'll let you into a secFet here, on this occasion that delight is genuine. I have been rather canny. I managed to get a portfolio that I really love when I first became a Minister seven months ago. And I was particularly delighted to be given the Consular portfolio. Let me explain why.
I was drawn to consular work for the same reason that I became a family lawyer. Because it is about people. Because it is about helping people, when they most need our help — when they are vulnerable, alone and have nowhere else to turn.
So I am delighted to be with you today. I am delighted to be among consuls, and full of admiration for the work they do. I am glad you are our guests in London, and hope your nationals are behaving themselves and not causing too much work for you. I also hope that you are getting the same cooperation from our authorities as we get — most of the time — from yours.
And I am glad there is clearly such a friendly consular community in London. It is natural enough that consular staff should have a lot in common. There is a spirit of shared endeavours, hardship and frustration. Because we do see people at their lowest. Our customers aren't always the people we would naturally want to help. They certainly aren't the sort of people that our diplomatic colleagues in political sections come into contact with very often.
But we soldier on, because the hallmarks of our trade are infinite patience, unlimited tact and endless creativity. So I want our staff to ask in every case "how can we possibly help?"
I want every one of our Ambassadors to feel that protecting our nationals is as much their responsibility as the consul's.
I want every distressed British national who walks through any of our consular doors around the world to be met with understanding, patience and sympathy.
All around the world, consular staff are working out more effective ways to help people. We need to share our innovations, and pool our creativity. Because unlike in some other areas of diplomacy, we are not in competition. Ours is a common mission, and should be a joint endeavour.
So the last reason I am so pleased to be with you this afternoon is because I want us to learn from you.
Now, I am conscious that consular lunches are not the occasions for lengthy speech-making. And since I stopped being a practicing lawyer I am no longer paid by the word. So I shall close, by proposing a toast.
To consuls, everywhere.
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT DURING FIRST HUNDRED DAYS CONGRESSIONALLUNCHEON RECEPTION
The Rose Garden 11:45 A.M.
Ladies and gentlemen, Thank you all. Thank you for coming. I appreciate you bringing such nice weather. It's good to see members of my Cabinet who are here. Mr. Secretary, thank you for being here.
Today marks our hundredth day of working together for the American people. We've had some good debates. We've made some good progress. And it looks like we're going to pass some good law.
I' ve now met with most of you, and here's what I think. I think America-is lucky to have such distinguished citizens coming to Washington to represent them. I've been impressed by the caliber of the person; I've been impressed by the conviction that you brought to the Oval Office.
Oh, I know we always don't agree. But we're beginning to get a spirit here in Washington where we're more agreeable; where we're setting a different tone. So when good folks of this country look at our nation's capital, they see something they can be proud of.
I want to thank you all very much for your service to the country. I want to thank your families for the sacrifice they make. I also want to thank you for the constructive spirit in which we've conducted the people's business. I know this, that whatever your views on a particular issue are, that we share a common goal; and that is to serve our country. And it's okay some times to share a meal, and that's why we're here.
So I want to thank you for being here. If you will join me in the East Room, I think we've got some pretty good food for you.
Thanks for your service. God bless.
11.47 A.M.
DELIVERING SPEECHES
Write a three-minute speech to deliver in front of the class on one of the topics offered. Make use of Oratory Techniques 1, 2, 3.
A.
Draft a speech for the Ambassador to give at the opening of the national film festival. In his speech the Ambassador wants to:
thank the local organizers of the festival
promote advances in your country's cinematographic achievements
suggest that cultural exchanges should be regular and not only in cinematography
suggest that cooperation of men of art is vital for facilitating better mutual understanding of the two nations
wish all those connected with the festival every success
B.
You have been asked to give a speech at the Russian-New Zealand Trade Group dinner. The Chairperson who is a New Zealander is retiring and you wish to thank him/her for all the hard work that has been put in for the last few years. Draft your speech including the following: 1) the improvement in Russian-New Zealand trade contract during recent years is because of:
bilateral trade fairs
technological co-operation, resulting in technological advances for both countries
2) the efforts of the Chairperson to achieve these improvements
often devoting personal time — evenings, weekends
personally intervening to encourage local companies to cooperate
on personal level, Chairperson very pleasant/helpful to work with; very much enjoyed working with him/her thank the outgoing Chairperson warmly
C.
As a candidate for the President of the Student Union draft a speech
explain who you are
say what is wrong with the acting President
explain what reforms you are planning to introduce to improve the students' life
ask all those present to vote for you
Workshop IV. GENUINE DEBATE