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434

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gh]h kljhy” hibkZggh]h Dhgklblmpb_c Kh\_lkdbc aZdhg g_ kh^_j`bl

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kdhevdm k\h[h^Z ^_fhgkljZpbc b fblbg]h\ mklZgh\e_gZ Dhgklblmpb_c 125-y klZlvy Dhgklblmpbb mklZgZ\eb\Z_l qlh i_j_qbke_ggu_ \ g_c ]jZ`

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`_l hagZqZlv qlh wlb k\h[h^u ijbagZxlky ebrv \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z hkms_kl\eyxlky \ mdZaZgguo p_eyo Gh _keb hgb ijhlb\hj_qZl wlbf p_ eyf lh hgb g_ hojZgyxlky aZdhghf Hl\_qZlv hljbpZl_evgh gZ \hijhk “ihgylgu eb \Zf h[\bg_gby"” \_kvfZ jbkdh\Zggh lZd dZd m ke_^kl\by

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gby bf_xl jZaebqguc kfuke”.

B \ aZdexq_gb_ g_kdhevdh kh\_lh\ gZ l_ kemqZb dh]^Z k\b^_l_ev g_ `_eZ_l ^Z\Zlv ihdZaZgby b ^_eZ_l wlh lhevdh \ kbem k\h_c h[yaZgghklb Z y\b\rbkv gZ ^hijhk g_ gZqbgZlv ^Z\Zlv ihdZaZgby ^h l_o ihj ihdZ

ke_^h\Zl_ev g_ kdZ`_l _fm ih dZdhfm ^_em hg \ua\Zg [ g_ gZau\Zlv gb

dZdbo nZfbebc b g_ ^Z\Zlv gbdZdbo k\_^_gbc h ebpZo nZfbebb dhlhjuo ke_^h\Zl_ev g_ ijhbag_k \ g_ ibkZlv b g_ ih^ibku\Zlv hl\_lh\ b ^jm]bo

ihdZaZgbc \ dhlhjuo \klj_qZxlky nZfbebb b ^jm]b_ k\_^_gby h ebpZo

435

nZfbebb dhlhjuo _s_ g_ \klj_qZebkv \ \hijhkZo gZibkZgguo ke_^h\Zl_ e_f ] hlf_lblv ih \hafh`ghklb \k_ mihfbgZgby ebp ijhlb\ dhlhjuo

^_eh g_ \ha[m`^_gh ^ ihfgblv qlh ex[h_ ^Z`_ kZfh_ g_\bggh_ mih fbgZgb_ qv_c-eb[h nZfbebb fh`_l g_h`b^Zggh hdZaZlvky k_jv_aguf

ijhfZohf Wlh]h fh`_l [ulv ^hklZlhqgh qlh[u \ua\Zlv mihfygmlh_ eb ph gZ ^hijhk _ gZ \k_o [_k_^Zo ]^_ \Zk ^hijZrb\Z_l g_ ke_^h\Zl_ev Z

^jm]h_ ebph hldZau\Zcl_kv hl\_qZlv gZ \hijhku

>ey l_o dlh ijhqgh mykgbe k_[_ \kx ls_lghklv xjb^bq_kdhc wd\b eb[jbklbdb kh ke_^h\Zl_e_f emqrbf \h \k_o hlghr_gbyo [m^_l dZl_]h jbq_kdbc hldZa hl ^Zqb dZdbo-eb[h ihdZaZgbc Ij_bfms_kl\h dhlhjh_

\u ijb wlhf ihemqZ_l_ ]hjZa^h ^hjh`_ ijhp_glh\ aZjieZlu – fZdkb fmf qlh \u fh`_l_ ihl_jylv«

KZfba^Zl \_dZ F ; Fg K

21. < G_djZkh\ 11 Dhfm wlh gm`gh"

ba\e_q_gby

G_kdhevdh ^g_c lhfm gZaZ^ y ijh\h^be \h NjZgpbx <eZ^bfbjZ FZd kbfh\Z ohjhr_]h ibkZl_ey b q_eh\_dZ g_e_]dhc km^v[u : ^h wlh]h ijh \h^be [hevrh]h k\h_]h ^jm]Z – ihwlZ Dhj`Z\bgZ : ^h g_]h :g^j_y Kb

gy\kdh]h M_oZeb dhfihablhj :g^j_c <hedhgkdbc dbghj_`bkk_j FboZ be DZibd fZl_fZlbd :e_dkZg^j ?k_gbg-<hevibg B fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ – ib

kZl_eb om^h`gbdb ihwlu ijhklh ^jmavy : Khe`_gbpugZ \u^\hjbeb – keh\h-lh dZdh_ gZreb – m >Zey _]h gZijbf_j g_l – keh\gh [Zjbg jZ [hlgbdZ kh ^\hjZ ijh]gZe

M_oZeb m_a`Zxl m_^ml Ihg_\he_ aZ^mfu\Z_rvky Ihq_fm" Ihq_fm m_a`Zxl mfgu_ lZeZgleb\u_ k_jv_agu_ ex^b ex^b dhlhjuf g_ijhklh [ueh ijbgylv lZdh_ j_r_gb_ ex^b dhlhju_ ex[yl k\hx jh^bgm b ho dZd [m^ml lhkdh\Zlv ih g_c" Ihq_fm wlh ijhbkoh^bl"

AZ^mfu\Z_rvky B g_\hevgh ih^\h^y dZdb_-lh blh]b aZ^mfu\Z_rv ky b h k\h_c km^v[_ B ohly km^v[Z wlZ l\hy Z g_ qvy-eb[h ^jm]Zy wlh \k_

`_ km^v[Z q_eh\_dZ jh^b\r_]hky \ Jhkkbb \kx beb ihqlb \kx k\hx `bagv ijh`b\r_]h \ g_c mqb\r_]hky jZ[hlZ\r_]h \h_\Z\r_]h aZ g__ –

b g_ gZ kZfhf e_]dhf mqZkld_ – bf_\r_]h ljb ^ujdb \ l_e_ hl g_f_pdbo hkdhedh\ b imev LZdbo fgh]h Lukyqb ^_kyldb lukyq B y h^bg ba gbo

Ihq_fm `_ ih^\h^y gZ -f ]h^m k\h_c `bagb wlb kZfu_ blh]b y bk iulu\Zx qm\kl\h g_ijhoh^ys_c ]hj_qb"

IhklZjZxkv ih f_j_ \hafh`ghklb [ulv djZldbf

Kemqbehkv lZd qlh \ e_l y g_h`b^Zggh ^ey k_[y b ^ey \k_o klZe ib kZl_e_f Ijbq_f kjZam ba\_klguf <hafh`gh g_kdjhfgh lZd ]h\hjblv h

436

k_[_ gh wlh [ueh bf_ggh lZd I_j\Zy fhy dgb]Z “< hdhiZo KlZebg]jZ^Z”,

dhlhjmx \gZqZe_ g_fZeh b ihjm]b\Zeb ihke_ ijbkm`^_gby _c ij_fbb klZeZ fgh]hdjZlgh ba^Z\Zlvky b i_j_ba^Z\Zlvky Ihlhf ihy\bebkv b ^jm ]b_ dgb]b Bo lh`_ b jm]Zeb b o\Zebeb gh ba^Z\Zeb b i_j_ba^Z\Zeb B fg_ klZeh dZaZlvky qlh y ijbghrm dZdmx-lh ihevam K\b^_l_evkl\h wlh

fm – ba^Zgbc gZ [he__ q_f yaudZo fbjZ

LZd ^ebehkv ^h fZjlZ ]. dh]^Z k \ukhdhc ljb[mgu GbdblZ K_j

]__\bq Ojms_\ ih^\_j] dZd m gZk ]h\hjblky `_klhqZcr_c djblbd_ fhb hq_jdb “Ih h[_ klhjhgu hd_ZgZ” b \ujZabe khfg_gb_ \ mf_klghklb fh_]h

ij_[u\Zgby \ iZjlbb K _]h e_]dhc jmdb f_gy klZeb de_cfblv ihahjhf k ljb[mg ihgb`_ gZ kh[jZgbyo \ ]Za_lZo aZ\_eb i_jkhgZevgh_ iZjlbcgh_ ^_eh b \ug_keb kljh]bc \u]h\hj aZ lh qlh \ :f_jbd_ y m\b^_e g_ lhevdh

ljmsh[u b hq_j_^b [_ajZ[hlguo aZ ihoe_[dhc KZfh kh[hc jZamf__lky i_qZlZlv f_gy i_j_klZeb

IZ^_gb_ Ojms_\Z dh_-qlh baf_gbeh \ fh_c km^v[_ HdZaZehkv qlh \ :f_jbd_ _klv dh_-qlh qlh fh`gh b iho\Zeblv b aehihemqgu_ hq_jdb \ureb hl^_evghc dgb`dhc GZ dZdh_-lh \j_fy i_j_^h fghc hldjueky reZ][Zmf \ ebl_jZlmjm ihdZ \ ]. hiylv g_ aZdjueky – y ih^ibkZe

dhee_dlb\gh_ ibkvfh \ k\yab k ijhp_kkhf mdjZbgkdh]h ebl_jZlhjZ Q_j gh\heZ b iha\hebe k_[_ \uklmiblv \ ^_gv -e_lby jZkklj_eZ _\j__\ \

;Z[v_f Yjm

AZ\_^_gh [ueh \lhjh_ i_jkhgZevgh_ ^_eh aZdhgqb\r__ky \lhjuf kljh]bf \u]h\hjhf b gZdhg_p ihqlb [_a i_j_^uoZ \ ]. jh^behkv

lj_lv_ iZjlbcgh_ ^_eh GZ wlhl jZa [_a \kydh]h m`_ ih\h^Z – aZ klZju_ dZd ]h\hjblky ]j_ob – hiylv ih^ibkZggh_ ibkvfh hiylv ;Z[bc Yj Lml m`_ ba iZjlbb bkdexqbeb < j_r_gbb [ueh kdZaZgh “ aZ lh qlh iha\h ebe k_[_ bf_lv kh[kl\_ggh_ fg_gb_ g_ kh\iZ^Zxs__ k ebgb_c iZjlbb”.

LZd hlijZa^gh\Ze y – qmlv eb g_ ^_gv \ ^_gv – ljb^pZlbe_lb_ k\h_]h

ij_[u\Zgby \ iZjlbb \ dhlhjmx \klmiZe \ KlZebg]jZ^_ gZ FZfZ_\hf dmj]Zg_ \ jZa]Zj [h_\

K l_o ihj y dZd ibkZl_ev lh _klv dZd q_eh\_d g_ lhevdh ibrmsbc gh b i_qZlZxsbcky i_j_klZe kms_kl\h\Zlv JZkkuiZg [ue gZ[hj \ `mjgZe_ “Gh\uc fbj” aZij_s_gh ba^Zgb_ ^\molhfgbdZ fhbo ijhba\_^_gbc \ ba

^Zl_evkl\_ “Om^h`_kl\_ggZy ebl_jZlmjZ” batylu ba \k_o k[hjgbdh\ djb

lbq_kdb_ klZlvb ihk\ys_ggu_ fh_fm l\hjq_kl\m \uiZeb fhb jZkkdZau ba x[be_cguo k[hjgbdh\ h[ Hl_q_kl\_gghc \hcg_ ij_djZs_gh ijhba \h^kl\h dbghnbevfZ ih fh_fm kp_gZjbx h Db_\_ H^gbf keh\hf g_ ih emqZc y jm[e_c i_gkbb ijbrehkv [u aZ^mfu\Zlvky g_ lhevdh h l\hj q_kdbo k\hbo ^_eZo

Ih]jm`_gb_ \ ljykbgm :gZlhfby aZklhy F 1991. K 602–603.

437

<eZ^bfbj <hcgh\bq12

IML?F <A:BFGHC I?J?IBKDB

beb bgl_j\vx k q_eh\_dhf dhlhjuc [ue ebr_g kh\_lkdh]h ]jZ`^Zgkl\Z

aZ lh qlh [ue g_ ebr_g qm\kl\Z xfhjZ

bxey ] Fxgo_g

– Ihke_ hlkljZg_gby hl \eZklb Ojms_\Z “hll_i_ev” aZf_jaZeZ [md

\Zevgh gZ ]eZaZo < ] [ueb Zj_klh\Zgu b hkm`^_gu ibkZl_eb Kb gy\kdbc b >Zgbwev <f_kl_ k ^jm]bfb dhee_]Zfb y ih^ibkZe ibkvfh \ bo aZsblm Dh]^Z ihkZ^beb :e_dkZg^jZ =bga[mj]Z b Xjby =ZeZgkdh\Z dh lhju_ gZibkZeb dgb]m h[ wlhf ijhp_kk_ y hiylv ih^ibku\Ze ijhl_klu ijhlb\ ih^h[gh]h ijhba\heZ LZd b ihreh«

–K l_o ihj wibklheyjguc `Zgj aZgye ijhqgh_ f_klh \ \Zr_c ebl_ jZlmjghc ^_yl_evghklb DZdbfb [ueb hl\_lu gZ \Zrb ihkeZgby"

–< ] khklhyeky b^_heh]bq_kdbc Ie_gmf PD ihke_ dhlhjh]h \k_o gZk “ih^ibkZglh\” gZqZeb mkbe_ggh ijhjZ[Zlu\Zlv GZ k_dj_lZjbZ

l_ KI fg_ h[ty\beb \u]h\hj k ij_^mij_`^_gb_f < ba^Zl_evkl\Zo i_j_ klZeb [jZlv fhb jmdhibkb Z l_ dhlhju_ [ueb ijbgylu jZgvr_ bkq_aZeb ba l_fZlbq_kdbo ieZgh\ < [b[ebhl_dZo gZqZeb ijhiZ^Zlv dgb]b b `mj gZeu k ijhreufb im[ebdZpbyfb I_kgb dhlhju_ ^h wlh]h qmlv eb g_ _`_^g_\gh bkihegyebkv ih jZ^bh klZeb a\mqZlv [_a mihfbgZgby bf_gb Z\lhjZ Z ihlhf b \h\k_ [ueb aZij_s_gu d bkiheg_gbx KgbfZebkv k j_ i_jlmZjZ b ki_dlZdeb Wlh gm`gh [ueh dZd-lh h[tykgylv im[ebd_ Zjlb

klZf j_`bkk_jZf d lhfm \j_f_gb ^\_ fhb iv_ku k mki_ohf reb ihqlb \l_ZljZo kljZgu H[tykg_gby [ueb kZfu_ g_h`b^Zggu_ GZijbf_j \ L_Zlj_ Kh\_lkdhc :jfbb ljmii_ kdZaZeb qlh y Zj_klh\Zg aZ dhgljZ[Zg^m i_j_\habe q_j_a ]jZgbpm [jbeebZglu ohly \k_f [ueh ohjhrh ba\_klgh qlh ]jZgbpm y gbdh]^Z g_ i_j_k_dZe Z [jbeebZglu \b^_e lhevdh \ dbgh : \ ]Za_l_ “<_q_jgbc Gh\hkb[bjkd” ihy\beZkv h]jhfgZy klZlvy k ^hoh^qb

\uf aZ]heh\dhf “GZ qlh ljZlbl_ lZeZgl"”

«< ]eZaZo \eZkl_c y m`_ [ue hli_luf Zglbkh\_lqbdhf ihwlhfm dh ]^Z \ ]h^m ih ;b-[b-kb [ueZ i_j_^ZgZ jZ^bhdhfihabpby ih “Qhgdb

gm” f_gy \ua\Zeb gZ Em[ygdm H^bg ^hijhk ^jm]hc« M]jhau B ^h kZ

fh]h ] ihiuldb \u]gZlv ba kljZgu \kydbfb kihkh[Zfb qZklh ^Ze_ dbfb hl pb\bebah\Zgguo

Ihke_ \ukuedb \ =hjvdbc ZdZ^_fbdZ KZoZjh\Z y kgh\Z k_e aZ hldju lh_ ibkvfh l_i_jv m`_ \ “Ba\_klby” Hgh [ueh bkiheg_gh \ `Zgj_ [eZ

]h^Zjkl\_gguo ihkeZgbc dhlhju_ ijbkueZxl gZ]jZ`^_ggu_ hl bf_gb gZjh^Z x[beyju <hl wlhl l_dkl

438

“Iha\hevl_ fg_ q_j_a \Zrm ]Za_lm \ujZablv fh_ ]em[hdh_ hl\jZs_gb_

dh \k_f mqj_`^_gbyf b ljm^h\uf dhee_dlb\Zf Z lZd`_ hl^_evguf lh\Z jbsZf \dexqZy i_j_^h\bdh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z om^h`gbdh\ keh\Z fZkl_jh\ kp_gu =_jh_\ KhpbZebklbq_kdh]h Ljm^Z ZdZ^_fbdh\ eZmj_Zlh\ b ^_im lZlh\ dhlhju_ m`_ ijbgyeb beb ijbfml mqZklb_ \ ljZ\e_ emqr_]h q_eh \_dZ gZr_c kljZgu :g^j_y >fbljb_\bqZ KZoZjh\Z”.

Kimkly dZdh_-lh \j_fy – \ ^_gv “\u[hjh\” \ <_joh\guc Kh\_l JKNKJ gZ dhlhju_ y dZd \k_]^Z g_ ihr_e – jZa^Zeky a\hghd \ ^\_jv GZ ihjh]_ klhyeb ^\Z fheh^uo q_eh\_dZ “Fu Z]blZlhju Ihq_fm \u g_ b^_ l_ ]hehkh\Zlv"” “G_ bf_x `_eZgby”, – hl\_lbe y b kh[jZeky aZdjulv ^\_jv Lh]^Z h^bg ba gbo ]h\hjbl “<hh[s_-lh fu g_ kh\k_f Z]blZlhju Y jZ[hlgbd jZcdhfZ DIKK ;h]^Zgh\ m f_gy d \Zf ihjmq_gb_” < d\Zjlbj_ hg lhj`_kl\_ggh aZy\be “Y miheghfhq_g khh[sblv \Zf qlh l_ji_gb_ Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb b gZjh^Z dhgqbehkv ?keb \u g_ ijbf_l_ dZdbo-lh dZj ^bgZevguo j_r_gbc \ZrZ `bagv klZg_l g_\ughkbfhc” @bagv fhy b [_a

lh]h m`_ [ueZ g_\ughkbfhc Ihwlhfm y hl\_lbe qlh _keb j_qv b^_l h fh_f hlt_a^_ – y ]hlh\ Gh y g_ kh[bjZxkv h[b\Zlv ihjh]b jZaguo mqj_

`^_gbc [ulv ijhkbl_e_f JZa m` \u miheghfhq_gu khh[sblv lh gZf_d gbl_ fg_ dh]^Z b dZd y fh]m _oZlv [_a ebrgbo oehihl b mgb`_gbc GZ lhf b jZkklZebkv B ^_ckl\bl_evgh m_a`Ze y kjZ\gbl_evgh [eZ]hihemqgh

–Ihfgx hq_gv ]hjvdbc Znhjbaf ihevkdh]h kZlbjbdZ KlZgbkeZ\Z ?`b E_pZ “Ex[h\v d jh^bg_ g_ agZ_l ]jZgbp” >mfZeb eb \u h lhf qlh ke_ ^mxsbf rZ]hf [m^_l ebr_gb_ \Zk kh\_lkdh]h ]jZ`^Zgkl\Z"

–Y ij_^iheZ]Ze qlh lZd [m^_l Gh dh]^Z wlh \k_-lZdb ijhbahreh fg_ klZeh hq_gv h[b^gh Y gZibkZe hq_j_^gh_ hldjulh_ ibkvfh – gZ bfy =_ g_jZevgh]h k_dj_lZjy

“=hkih^bg ;j_`g_\ ”

<u fhx ^_yl_evghklv hp_gbeb g_aZkem`_ggh \ukhdh Y g_ ih^ju\Ze ij_klb` Kh\_lkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z M Kh\_lkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z [eZ]h^Zjy mkbebyf _]h jmdh\h^bl_e_c b <Zr_fm ebqghfm \deZ^m gbdZdh]h ij_klb `Z g_l Ihwlhfm ih kijZ\_^eb\hklb <Zf ke_^h\Zeh [u ebrblv ]jZ`^Zg kl\Z k_[y kZfh]h Y <Zr_]h MdZaZ g_ ijbagZx b kqblZx _]h g_ [he__ q_f nbevdbghc ]jZfhlhc Xjb^bq_kdb hg ijhlb\haZdhg_g Z nZdlbq_kdb y dZd [ue jmkkdbf ibkZl_e_f ]jZ`^Zgbghf lZd b hklZgmkv bf ^h kZfhc kf_jlb ^Z`_ ihke_ g__ ;m^mqb mf_j_gguf hilbfbklhf y g_ khfg_\Z xkv qlh ihke_ g_^he]h]h \j_f_gb \k_ <Zrb MdZau ebrZxsb_ gZrm [_^gmx jh^bgm __ dmevlmjgh]h ^hklhygby [m^ml hlf_g_gu Fh_]h hilb fbafZ h^gZdh g_^hklZlhqgh ^ey \_ju \ klhev `_ kdhjmx ebd\b^Zpbx [mfZ`gh]h ^_nbpblZ b fhbf qblZl_eyf ijb^_lky k^Z\Zlv \ fZdmeZlmjm ih dbeh]jZffh\ <Zrbo khqbg_gbc qlh[u ihemqblv lZehg gZ h^gm dgb`dm h khe^Zl_ Qhgdbg_

Jh^bgZ ‹ K –32.

439