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5. I ; Kljm\_3 Ba “>g_\gbdh\ iheblbdZ”

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e_]dhklvx [ulv fh`_l g_k\hckl\_gghc ^jm]bf _\jhi_ckdbf gZjh^Zf klZgh\blky kZfZ bghc jZa lh]h g_ agZy b]jZebs_f l_fguo h[hjhlgbq_ kdb-ijh\hdZlhjkdbo kbe

RbjhlZ q_eh\_dZ dhlhjh]h ih fg_gbx Fblb DZjZfZah\Z gm`gh [ueh [u kmablv – rbjhlZ dhg_qgh g_ h[s_q_eh\_q_kdZy Z lbibqgh jmkkdZy <

wlhc kljZrghc jmkkdhc rbjhl_ kZfh_ kljZrgh_ – `mldZy [ebahklv b^_ZeZ FZ^hggu b b^_ZeZ Kh^hfkdh]h Jmkkdhc ^mr_ ]em[hdh k\hckl\_ggZ j_eb-

]bhagZy fmdZ h ijhlb\hj_qbyo `bagb b fbjZ < wlbo hkh[_gghklyo aZeh`_gu dZd \k_ [_kdhg_qgu_ \hafh`ghklb j_eb]bhagh]h \hkoh`^_gby jmkkdhc ^mrb lZd b kljZrgu_ \hafh`ghklb __ kju\Z \ ij_bkih^gxx g_[ulby

Ba \k_o ahe ijbqbg_gguo Jhkkbb [hevr_\bafhf kZfh_ ly`_eh_ –

jZkle_gb_ __ gjZ\kl\_gghc km[klZgpbb \g_^j_gb_ \ __ ihju le_l\hjgh]h ^moZ pbgbafZ b h[hjhlgbq_kl\Z

Q_f ^Zevr_ jZa\b\ZeZkv j_\hexpby l_f ]em[`_ aZdeZ^u\ZeZkv gjZ\kl \_ggZy ihjqZ \ ^mrm jmkkdh]h q_eh\_dZ ij_`^_ \k_]h \ kh\_lkdh]h kem`Z s_]h D fhf_glm gZqZeZ ^_gbdbgkdh]h gZklmie_gby \ p_ehf jy^_ ex^_c

qm\kl\h\Zehkv m`_ g_ lhevdh gZebqb_ ^\mo ebp gh b ebph ^\mebqby lh _klv ihegZy g_\hafh`ghklv jZah[jZlvky – dZdh_ `_ ba k\hbo ebp “lh\Zjb

s_kdh_” beb “aZ]h\hjsbq_kdh_” hgb ^_ckl\bl_evgh hsmsZxl k\hbf«

… C ihy\e_gb_f E_gbgZ Zlfhkn_jZ _s_ k]mklbeZkv b gZdZebeZkv

«?]h g_ih[_^bfhklv aZdexqZeZkv g_ \ ihke_^gxx hq_j_^v \ lhf qlh hg l\hjbe k\h_ ^_eh g_ klhevdh \ bgl_j_kZo gZjh^Z kdhevdh \ ^mo_ gZjh^Z g_ klhevdh ^ey b jZ^b gZjh^Z kdhevdh \f_kl_ k gZjh^hf lh _klv kha\mqgh k gZjh^guf ihgbfZgb_f b hsms_gb_f j_\hexpbb dZd klbobb dZd [mglZ

DZd ijbjh`^_gguc \h`^v hg bgklbgdlb\gh ihgbfZe qlh \h`^v \ j_ \hexpbb fh`_l [ulv lhevdh \_^hfuf b [m^mqb q_eh\_dhf ]jhfZ^ghc \heb hg ihkemrgh r_e gZ ih\h^m m fZkku gZ ih\h^m m __ kZfuo l_fguo bgklbgdlh\ < hlebqb_ hl ^jm]bo ^_yl_e_c j_\hexpbb hg kjZam `_ h\eZ ^_e __ \_joh\guf ^h]fZlhf – ^h]fZlhf h lhj`_kl\_ jZajmr_gby b khab

415

^Zgby – b kjZam `_ ihklb] qlh \Z`g__ k_]h^gy dh_-dZd gZq_jgh bkihe

gblv lj_[h\Zgb_ j_\hexpbhgghc lheiu q_f hleh`blv ^_eh gZ aZ\ljZ ohly [u \ p_eyo gZb[he__ ijZ\bevgh]h jZaj_r_gby \hijhkZ GZ wlhf \gmlj_gg_f ihgbfZgbb am^ys_]h “g_\l_ji_`” b hdhgqZl_evgh]h “khdjm

rZc” jmkkdhc j_\hexpbhgghc l_fu hg b \ujhk \ lm kljZrgmx nb]mjm

dhlhjZy \ k\h_ \j_fy k lZdhx kbehc gZ^_`^ b ijhdeylbc ijbdh\ZeZ d k_[_ ]eZaZ \k_]h fbjZ >ey \k_c ikboheh]bb E_gbgZ oZjZdl_jg__ \k_]h lh qlh hg \ kmsghklb g_ \b^_e p_eb j_\hexpbb Z \b^_e \k_]^Z lhevdh j_\hex pbx dZd p_ev ;eZ]h^Zjy lZdhc mklZgh\d_ hg hsmsZe k_[y ^h dhgpZ b gZ \k_]^Z kebluf k j_\hexpb_c, b ihlhfm [ulv fh`_l hg [ue _^bgkl\_g

guf ba \k_o ^_yl_e_c j_\hexpbb dhlhjuc gbdh]^Z g_ ij_^klZ\eye k_[_ fhf_glZ k\h_]h hloh^Z hl j_\hexpbb gD hkgh\Zgbb hloh^Z j_\hexpbb hl k\hbo ih^ebgguo iml_c b kms_kl\_gguo p_e_c Wlh g_ agZqbl dhg_qgh qlh E_gbg [ue kh]eZk_g gZ \k_ imlb b \k_ p_eb GZh[hjhl hg [ue djZcg_ g_l_jibf b hij_^_e_g_g Wlh agZqbl ebrv lh qlh hg \k_]^Z hldehgye l_ imlb gZ dhlhjuo ij_^\b^_e \hafh`gmx m[uev j_\hexpbhgghc wg_j]bb,

b \k_]^Z ml\_j`^Ze dZd p_ev j_\hexpbb fZdkbfZevgh_ ih\ur_gb_ j_\h expbhgghc \hegu fZdkbfmf j_\hexpbb dZd lZdh\hc

QblZy _]h klZlvb ij_^klZ\eyxsb_ kh[hc \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ bam fbl_evgu_ ih k`Zlhklb q_ldhklb \ haeh[e_gghklb ZgZebau kljZl_]bq_ kdbo b lZdlbq_kdbo iheh`_gbc gZ njhgl_ j_\hexpbhgghc [hjv[u ^b\m ^Z_rvky ^h q_]h wlhl q_eh\_d [ue ijbkihkh[e_g d \uiheg_gbx lhc jheb dhlhjZy [ueZ gZ g_]h \haeh`_gZ km^v[hc

Ijbq_f E_gbg g_ ihgbfZ_l g_ lhevdh k\hbo \jZ]h\ gh b \k_c ^moh\gh-

[ulh\hc j_Zevghklb jmkkdhc `bagb gH ihgbfZ_l jmkkdhc bklhjbb \ dhlhjhc \b^bl bkdexqbl_evgh lhevdh ih]jhfu \bk_ebpu iuldb ]heh^ b \_ebdh_ ij_kfudZl_evkl\h i_j_^ ihiZfb pZjyfb ihf_sbdZfb b dZiblZebklZfb g_ ihgbfZ_l ijZ\hkeZ\by g_ ihgbfZ_l gZpbhgZevgh]h qm\kl\Z \ dhgp_ dhgph\ g_ ihgbfZ_l dZd [m^lh [u ^Z`_ b jmkkdh]h fm`bdZ <_^v g_evay `_ \ kZfhf ^_e_ \k_jv_a ml\_j`^Zlv qlh \_ebdhjmkkdbc fm`bd m`_ \ujZklZ_l \ ^_fh djZlZ m`_ ]hgbl ba p_jd\b ihih\ b ihf_sbdh\ Qlh wlh – ihegh_ g_agZgb_

fm`bpdhc ikboheh]bb beb \_kvfZ k\h_h[jZagh_ ihgbfZgb_ ^_fhdjZlbb"

Gh\uc fbj ‹ K –233.

7. W Ebfhgh\ M gZk [ueZ \_ebdZy wihoZ

ba\e_q_gby

GZijy]rb `beu b \_gu hj]Zgbaf Jhkkbb khijhlb\eyeky gZkbebx lj_sZeZ r_y Jhkkbb oj_[_l b ]eZaZ \ue_aZeb ba hj[bl \ ] ihke_

gZiZ^_gby g_fp_\ – Ijbf Z\lhjZ

416

Dlh bf \bgh\Zl" G_f_p dhg_qgh \bgh\Zl ijhdeyluc NZdl K =ble_ jhf \h ]eZ\_ mih_gguc kh[hx g_f_p ihi_j jZkijhkljZgylvky \h \k_ klh jhgu ba =_jfZgbb H]g_f l_d b d ]heeZg^kdbf ^Zf[Zf b d iZjb`kdbf fhklZf b \ ihevkdmx kdm^gmx kl_iv b \ [h]Zlmx MdjZbgm – l_d ]_jfZg

kdbc h]hgv Gh kZfb hgb lh`_ \bgh\Zlu Kf_jl_c fh]eh [ulv f_gvr_ \iyl_jh <q_l\_jh f_gvr_ G_ gZ^h [ueh \ 30-_ ]] ]hlh\blvky d \hcg_

<k_ \_^v \ ljb^pZlu_ gZk_e_gb_ h[t_^bg_ggh_ \h njZdpbb ^jm`gh b mih_ggh mgbqlh`Zeh kZfh k_[y Hihfgbebkv Z \jZ] ijbr_e g_ om^uf ljhpdbklhf \ hqdZo g_ gh\uf [jbluf dheqZdhf gh qm`_a_fp_f k^bk pbiebgbjh\Zgguf \ q_ldmx fZrbgm g_f_pdbf kihjlb\guf xghr_kl\hf JZkl_jyggu_ g_ h`b^Zeb [jhkbebkv kiZkZlv k_[y b `b\mx lj_i_smsmx ]_h]jZnbq_kdmx l_jjblhjbx L_i_jv \kx hl\_lkl\_gghklv \Zeyl gZ ]h eh\m =jmabgZ ^_kdZlv k\bogm\r_]hky hl kh[kl\_gghc \eZklb : kZfb-lh

dm^Z kfhlj_eb" Ihq_fm \h \k_c gZpbb g_ gZr_eky gbdlh g_ m[jZe =jm-

abgZ g_ ih`_jl\h\Ze kh[hc ^ey hl_q_kl\Z g_ \uimklbe _fm \ ]jm^v \h k_fv imev ba fZma_jZ _keb lZd m` hg [ue \j_^_g" Gm ^Z ijbr_e [u ^jm ]hc gh ^jm]hc [ue [u ^jm]bf <_^v ihke_ kf_jlb _kl_kl\_gghc =jmabgZ ijbreb _]h `_ ex^b d \eZklb h^gZdh g_ l_ m`_ ex^b =jmabg [ue \bgh \Zl \ lhf qlh ohl_e \_klb k_[y dZd ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ^_yl_ev gh ^he` ghklv [ueZ _fm \_ebdZ kebrdhf \_ebdZ :\lhj g_ \b^bl \ g_f fhgkljZ beb aeh^_y hg ebrv agZ_l qlh kugm kZih`gbdZ wdk-k_fbgZjbklm [ueh

hlq_]h hnb]_lv hdZaZ\rbkv \h ]eZ\_ ]b]Zglkdhc \^jm] ^_j`Z\u LZd b dhjkbdZg_p kug E_lbpbb ;mhgZiZjl_ \k_ `_ ijb[u\rbc ba \ur_klhy s_]h khpbZevgh]h kljhy [ue aZ]bighlbabjh\Zg k\h_c kh[kl\_gghc km^v [hc <hl \ q_f khklhbl hiZkghklv dh]^Z ex^b ba gbarbo khpbZevguo deZkkh\ ijboh^yl gZ D_kZj_\h f_klh <u fhgZjobkl Z\lhj" G_l hl gx^v Hr_ehfe_ggu_ jZkklhygb_f hl imgdlZ : ^h iueZxs_]h imgdlZ ; hgb ijbgbfZxl k_[y aZ ;h]h\

Jhkkby b \k_ khxagu_ __ ie_f_gZ kh[bjZebkv \ lm]hc dmeZd m <he]b =hjh^ dhlhjhfm ^Zeb bfy =jmabgZ \_jg__ ik_\^hgbf _]h k^Z\Zlv [ueh g_evay ;ueh kdZaZgh qlh g_evay ihlhfm qlh wlhl ]hjh^ ihk\ys_g =jmab gm b hg _]h aZsbsZe \ ]jZ`^Zgkdmx \hcgm Hiylv-lZdb =jmabg lml g_ lZd

\Z`_g >Z`_ b ohjhrh qlh [ue lZdhc =jmabg dhlhjh]h h^gb [hyebkv ^jm]b_ h[h`_kl\eyeb ihqlb lj_lvb g_gZ\b^_eb gh [hyebkv D_kZj_f [ulv – ^_eh keh`gh_ Gbdh]^Z g_ agZ_rv qlh ih^klZ\blv gZjh^m dZdhc

bfb^` – ijhnbey beb nZkZ B gbdlh =jmabgZ [ulv D_kZj_f g_ mqbe <

ex[hf kemqZ_ hg hdZaZeky _fm ihkqZkleb\behkv hdZaZlvky \h`^_f gZjh ^h\ KhxaZ Kh\_lkdbo \ kZfuc ]_jhbq_kdbc i_jbh^ bo bklhjbb ohlbf fu wlh]h beb g_ ohlbf B hg kijZ\beky k aZ^Zq_c ke_^m_l ijbagZlv qlh g_ iehoh Bgh]^Z hg ^hklb]Ze \ukhl kjZ\gbfuo jZa\_ qlh k [jhgah\uf `_k lhf jbfkdbo p_aZj_c Q_]h klhbl gZijbf_j _]h \_ebq_kl\_ggh-[_k-

417

q_eh\_qgh_ b ]_jhbq_kdh_ hlju\bklh_ ih ih\h^m ij_^eh`_ggh]h l_\lh- gZfb h[f_gZ ie_ggh]h kugZ Ydh\Z gZ n_ev^fZjrZeZ IZmexkZ “Y khe^Zl gZ n_ev^fZjrZeh\ g_ h[f_gb\Zx ” LZd hg bf [jhkbe Y ^mfZx hgb _]h aZm\Z`Zeb

Lhl gZjh^ [ue dm^Z ijhs_ gZjh^Z gug_rg_]h ]jm[__ b q_klg__ ;hevrbgkl\h l_o ex^_c \b^_eb kf_jlv \h fgh]bo \b^Zo Ijh\_j_ggu_ gZ am[ \hcghc hgb agZeb qlh hgb g_ nZevrb\dZ gh ex^b J_`bf" IjZ\b l_evkl\h KlZebg« wlh \k_ [ueh Z[kljZdlgh b ^Ze_dh

AgZfy. ‹ K 11.

8. : B Khe`_gbpug. DZd gZf h[mkljhblv Jhkkbx

Ihkbevgu_ khh[jZ`_gby

1990 ]

Bklhjbq_kdbc @_e_aguc AZgZ\_k hlebqgh aZsbsZe gZrm kljZgm hlh \k_]h ohjhr_]h qlh _klv gZ AZiZ^_ hl ]jZ`^Zgkdhc g_kl_kg_gghklb m\Z `_gby d ebqghklb jZaghh[jZaby ebqghc ^_yl_evghklb hl \k_h[s_]h [eZ ]hkhklhygby hl [eZ]hl\hjbl_evguo ^\b`_gbc – gh lhl AZgZ\_k g_ ^hoh

^be ^h kZfh]h-kZfh]h gbam b lm^Z ih^l_dZeZ gZ\hagZy `b`Z jZkims_ggh klb himklb\r_cky “ihi-fZkk-dmevlmju” \mev]Zjg_crbo fh^ b ba^_j`_d im[ebqghklb – b \hl wlb hl[jhku `Z^gh \iblu\ZeZ gZrZ h[^_e_ggZy fh eh^_`v aZiZ^gZy – ^mjbl hl kulhklb Z gZrZ \ gbs_l_ [_a^mfgh i_j_o\Z

lu\Z_l bo aZ[Z\u B gZr_ gug_rg__ l_e_\b^_gb_ mkem`eb\h jZaghkbl l_ g_qbklu_ ihlhdb ih \k_c kljZg_ <hajZ`_gby ijhlb\ \k_]h wlh]h kqblZ xlky m gZk ^j_fmqbf dhgk_j\Zlbafhf Gh ihmqbl_evgh aZf_lblv dZd h koh^ghf y\e_gbb a\mqZl lj_\h`gu_ ]hehkZ \ BajZbe_ “B\jblkdZy dmev

lmjgZy j_\hexpby [ueZ kh\_jr_gZ g_ ^ey lh]h qlh[u gZrZ kljZgZ dZib lmebjh\ZeZ i_j_^ Zf_jbdZgkdbf dmevlmjguf bfi_jbZebafhf b _]h ih [hqgufb ijh^mdlZfb”, “aZiZ^guf bgl_ee_dlmZevguf fmkhjhf”)...

Ihkl_i_ggh fu [m^_f i_j_khklZ\eylv ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc hj]Zgbaf Wlh gZ^h gZqbgZlv g_ \k_ kjZam Z k dZdh]h-lh djZx B ykgh qlh kgbam k f_kl

Ijb kbevghc p_gljZevghc \eZklb l_ji_eb\h b gZklhcqb\h jZkrbjylv ijZ\Z f_klghc `bagb

Dhg_qgh dZdZy-lh hij_^_e_ggZy iheblbq_kdZy nhjfZ ihkl_i_ggh [m ^_l gZfb ijbgylZ – ih gZr_c iheghc iheblbq_kdhc g_hiulghklb, kdhj_c \k_]h, g_ kjZam m^ZqgZy g_ kjZam gZb[he__ ijbkihkh[e_ggZy d ihlj_[gh

klyf bf_ggh gZr_c kljZgu GZ^h bkdZlv k\hc imlv K_cqZk m gZk kZfh \gmr_gb_ qlh gZf gbdZdh]h kh[kl\_ggh]h imlb bkdZlv g_ gZ^h g_ gZ^h gb gZ^ q_f aZ^mfu\Zlvky – Z lhevdh ihkdhj_c i_j_gylv “dZd ^_eZ_lky gZ

AZiZ^_”.

418

Gh gZ AZiZ^_ ^_eZ_lky – _s_ hc dZd ih-jZaghfm M dZ`^hc kljZgu k\hy ljZ^bpby Lhevdh gZf h^gbf – g_ gm`gh gb h]ey^u\Zlvky gb ijb kemrb\Zlvky qlh ]h\hjbeb m gZk mfgu_ ex^b _s_ ^h gZr_]h jh`^_gby

: kdZ`_f b lZd ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ mkljhckl\h – \lhjhkl_i_gg__ kZfh]h

\ha^moZ q_eh\_q_kdbo hlghr_gbc Ijb ex^kdhf [eZ]hjh^kl\_ ^himklbf ex[hc ^h[jhihjy^hqguc kljhc ijb ex^kdhf haeh[e_gbb b rdmjgbq_kl \_ – g_\ughkbfZ b kZfZy jZaeb\bklZy ^_fhdjZlby ?keb \ kZfbo ex^yo

g_l kijZ\_^eb\hklb b q_klghklb – lh wlh ijhy\ey_lky ijb ex[hf kljh_ Iheblbq_kdZy `bagv – kh\k_f g_ ]eZ\guc \b^ `bagb q_eh\_dZ iheb

lbdZ – kh\k_f g_ `_eZggh_ aZgylb_ ^ey [hevrbgkl\Z Q_f jZafZrbkl_c b^_l \ kljZg_ iheblbq_kdZy `bagv – l_f [he__ mljZqb\Z_lky ^mr_\gZy

IheblbdZ g_ ^he`gZ ih]ehsZlv ^moh\gu_ kbeu b l\hjq_kdbc ^hkm] gZjh ^Z Djhf_ ijZ\, q_eh\_d gm`^Z_lky hlklhylv b ^mrm hk\h[h^blv __ ^ey

`bagb mfZ b qm\kl\

Dh]^Z \ ] KlZebg \\h^be gZrb fZjlur_qvb “\u[hju” – \u- gm`^_g [ue b hg ijb^Zlv bf \b^ \k_h[s_]h jZ\gh]h ijyfh]h lZcgh]h ]hehkh\Zgby “q_luj_oo\hkldb”) – ihjy^hd dhlhjuc \ k_]h^gyrg_f fbj_

dZ`_lky g_khfg_gguf dZd \k_h[sbc aZdhg ijbjh^u F_`^m l_f b ihke_ i_j\hc njZgpmakdhc j_\hexpbb dhgklblmpby ] ]hehkh\Zgb_ _s_

g_ [ueh lZdh\uf hklZ\Zebkv h]jZgbq_gby b g_jZ\_gkl\Z \ jZaguo p_gaZo B^_y \k_h[s_]h ba[bjZl_evgh]h ijZ\Z ih[_^beZ \h NjZgpbb lhevdh \ j_\hexpbx ] < :g]ebb \_kv ;,; \. gZoh^bebkv \b^gu_ [hjpu aZ

“dhgklblmpbhgguc ihjy^hd” – lZdhc dhlhjuc [u h[_ki_qb\Ze qlh[u

gbdZdh_ [hevrbgkl\h g_ [ueh lbjZghf gZ^ f_gvrbgkl\hf qlh[u \ iZj eZf_gl_ [ueh ij_^klZ\e_gh \k_ jZaghh[jZab_ keh_\ h[s_kl\Z dlh ihev am_lky m\Z`_gb_f b khagZ_l hl\_lkl\_gghklv i_j_^ kljZghc – wlh [ueZ

aZ^ZqZ khojZgblv mklhb kljZgu gZ dhlhjuo hgZ \ujhkeZ K ] kihea eZ dh \k_h[s_fm ba[bjZl_evghfm b :g]eby

>hklh_\kdbc kqblZe \k_h[s__ jZ\gh_ ]hehkh\Zgb_ “kZfuf g_e_iuf bah[j_l_gb_f ;,; \.” <h \kydhf kemqZ_ hgh – g_ aZdhg GvxlhgZ b \ k\hckl\Zo _]h jZaj_rbl_evgh b mkhfgblvky “<k_h[s__ b jZ\gh_” – ijb

djZcg_f g_jZ\_gkl\_ ebqghkl_c bo kihkh[ghkl_c bo \deZ^Z \ h[s_kl \_ggmx `bagv jZaghf \hajZkl_ jZaghf `bag_gghf hiul_ jZaghc kl_i_ gb mdhj_g_gghklb \ wlhc f_klghklb b \ wlhc kljZg_" Lh _klv – lhj`_kl\h

[_kkh^_j`Zl_evgh]h dhebq_kl\Z gZ^ kh^_j`Zl_evguf dZq_kl\hf B _s_: lZdb_ \u[hju “h[s_]jZ`^Zgkdb_” ij_^iheZ]Zxl g_kljmdlmjghklv gZ

pbb qlh hgZ _klv g_ `b\hc hj]Zgbaf Z f_oZgbq_kdZy kh\hdmighklv jZk kuiZgguo _^bgbp

“LZcgh_” – lh`_ g_ mdjZr_gb_ hgh h[e_]qZ_l ^mr_\gmx g_ijyfhlm

beb hl\_qZ_l m\u gm`^Zf [hyagb Gh gZ A_fe_ b k_]h^gy _klv f_klZ ]^_ ]hehkmxl hldjulh

419