Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

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h[_bo iZeZl N_^_jZevgh]h Kh[jZgby k p_evx \ujZ[hldb gZ _]h hkgh\_ gh\hc gZpbhgZevghc dhgp_ipbb h[jZah\Zgby

3. H[jZlblvky \ “Mqbl_evkdmx ]Za_lm”, Z lZd`_ \ ^jm]b_ p_gljZevgu_

hj]Zgu ij_kku k ijhkv[hc ihegh]h him[ebdh\Zgby \ kZfh_ [eb`Zcr__ \j_fy ^Zggh]h ^hdmf_glZ

4.Ml\_j^blv ;_e]hjh^kdmx h[eZklv dZd wdki_jbf_glZevgmx iehsZ^- dm ^ey hljZ[hldb dhgp_ipbb a_fkdhc rdheu

5.KqblZlv kh\_jr_ggh g_^himklbfuf ijbgpbi hklZlhqghklb nbgZg- kbjh\Zgby kbkl_fu h[jZah\Zgby

6.H[jZlblvky d f_klguf \eZklyf k j_dhf_g^Zpb_c [he__ rbjhdh]h

ijb\e_q_gby mqbl_e_c d jZ[hl_ \ hj]ZgZo f_klgh]h kZfhmijZ\e_gby k p_evx dhgp_gljZpbb \gbfZgby gZ ijh[e_fZo h[jZah\Zgby b \hkiblZgby gZrbo ^_l_c

H[jZah\Zgb_ \ ^hdmf_glZo ‹ K –37.

26. : D FZevp_\ GZmdh]jZ^u – f_qlu b j_Zebb

Ij_ab^_gl Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ghy[jy ] ih^ibkZe MdZa “H f_jZo ih jZa\blbx gZmdh]jZ^h\ dZd ]hjh^h\ gZmdb b \ukhdbo l_ogh-

390

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>_yl_evghklv ^Zgguo dhfie_dkh\ khklhbl ba q_luj_o Zki_dlh\ bk ke_^h\Zl_evkdh]h bggh\Zpbhggh]h bkiulZl_evgh]h b ijhba\h^kl\_ggh-

ijhfure_ggh]h JZamf__lky \k_ hgb l_kgh \aZbfhk\yaZgu f_`^m kh[hc « k_]h^gy ijZdlbq_kdb \_kv gZmqguc ihl_gpbZe Jhkkbb aZ bkdexq_gb_f Fhkd\u KZgdl-I_l_j[mj]Z Gh\hkb[bjkdZ b LhfkdZ khkj_^hlhq_g bf_g

gh \ gbo«

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…Ih^fhkdh\gu_ ]hjh^Z “ki_pbZebabjmxlky” lZd`_ \ kha^Zgbb obfb-

q_kdbo l_ogheh]bc dhgkljmbjh\Zgbb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo fZrbg b ZiiZjZlh\>a_j`bgkdbc \ jZajZ[hld_ b ihklZ\d_ aZ\h^Zf h[hjhggh]h dhfie_dkZ Jhkkbb b kljZg <hklhqghc ?\jhiu Z\lhfZlbabjh\Zggh]h h[hjm^h\Zgby ^ey kZfuo jZaebqguo l_ogheh]bc ijhba\h^kl\Z @_e_agh^hjh`guc

yg\Zjy ] ml\_j`^_gh ihklZgh\e_gb_ IjZ\bl_evkl\Z Jhk- kbckdhc N_^_jZpbb “H f_jZo ih jZa\blbx fmgbpbiZevguo h[jZah\Zgbc k ]jZ^hh[jZamxsbfb gZmqgh-ijhba\h^kl\_ggufb dhfie_dkZfb gZmdh]jZ- ^h\ ” Wlh \k_ey_l gZ^_`^m qlh gZmdZ \ Jhkkbb i_j_^h\u_ jm[_`b g_ mimklbl

GZmdZ \ Jhkkbb ‹ K –37.

: B GZaZj_gdh. < hiZkghklb«dhkfhk

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kj_^kl\Zfb dhgljhey dhkfbq_kdh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z KR: b Jhkkbb Ijb f_jgh ba gbo ih^ ^_ckl\b_f lhjfh`_gby \ Zlfhkn_j_ ^hklb]eb __

iehlguo keh_\ jZajmrbebkv b k]hj_eb Z gZoh^ylky \ dhkfhk_ ba dhlhjuo ebrv khklZ\eyxl ^_ckl\mxsb_ ZiiZjZlu hklZevgh_ ih km s_kl\m “fmkhj”.

391

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hgb g_ ij_^klZ\eyxl m]jhau H^gZdh ba\_klgu kemqZb \oh`^_gby lZdbo ZiiZjZlh\ \ Zlfhkn_jm b ^Z`_ iZ^_gby gZ A_fex ba-aZ g_bkijZ\ghklb

f_oZgbafZ i_j_\h^Z gZ \ukhdmx hj[blm LZd [ueh k “Dhkfhkhf-954” b “Dhkfhkhf-1402” < khhl\_lkl\bb k f_`^mgZjh^guf ijZ\hf kljZgZ dh

lhjhc ijbgZ^e_`bl kimlgbd ^he`gZ \haf_klblv ms_j[ gZg_k_gguc _]h ijba_fe_gb_f

Gh kZfZy ]eZ\gZy ijh[e_fZ – \hafh`ghklv klhedgh\_gby dhkfbq_kdbo

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ihegh]h jZajmr_gby ^h f_^e_gghc wjhabb ih\_joghklb dhkfbq_kdbo Zi iZjZlh\ ^Zlqbdh\ ijb[hjh\ iZg_e_c kheg_qguo [ZlZj_c b l ^

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«H`b^Z_lky qlh \ ] gZ \ukhlZo ^h df klZg_l m`_ hdheh 7 h[t_dlh\ >he]hkjhqgu_ ijh]ghau h[klZgh\db \ dhkfhk_ lh`_ d

kh`Ze_gbx ih^l\_j`^Zxl l_g^_gpbx g_h[jZlbfh]h m\_ebq_gby dhebq_ kl\Z “dhkfbq_kdh]h fmkhjZ” gZ [hevrbo \ukhlZo

GZmdZ \ Jhkkbb ‹ K –103.

28. J_r_gb_ Dhee_]bb h[s_]h b ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb “H ijh\_^_gbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h p_gljZebah\Zggh]h l_klbjh\Zgby \uimkdgbdh\ h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc JN”

yg\Zjy ]

< p_eyo kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby kbkl_fu hp_gdb agZgbc bkihevah\Zgby _^bghc gZmqgh h[hkgh\Zgghc f_lh^bdb Fbgbkl_jkl\h h[s_]h b ijhn_k

392

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\Zlv j_amevlZlu p_gljZebah\Zggh]h l_klbjh\Zgby \ dZq_kl\_ \klmibl_ev guo bkiulZgbc

I_^h]Z]bq_kdb_ kh\_lu h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc ih `_eZ gbx mqZsboky fh]ml aZkqblu\Zlv j_amevlZlu p_gljZebah\Zggh]h l_klb jh\Zgby \ dZq_kl\_ wdaZf_gZpbhgguo hlf_lhd blh]h\hc Zll_klZpbb \ -o

b -o deZkkZo \ ij_^f_lZo ih \u[hjm P_gljZebah\Zggh_ l_klbjh\Zgb_ ijh\h^blky ih ke_^mxsbf ij_^f_lZf

11-_ deZkku – jmkkdbc yaud fZl_fZlbdZ nbabdZ obfby [bheh]by bg nhjfZlbdZ ]_h]jZnby bklhjby Jhkkbb bghkljZggu_ yaudb hkgh\u ijZ\Z 9-_ deZkku – jmkkdbc yaud fZl_fZlbdZ nbabdZ obfby [bheh]by ]_h

]jZnby bklhjby Jhkkbb bghkljZggu_ yaudb

H[jZah\Zgb_ \ ^hdmf_glZo ‹ 1. K 42–43.

29. JZkihjy`_gb_ Ij_ab^_glZ JN ‹ -ji “H kha^Zgbb h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc – dZ^_lkdbo rdhe rdhe-bgl_jgZlh\ ”

Zij_ey ]

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dZ^_lkdbo rdhe \ kha^Zgbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo fmgbpbiZevguo h[s_h[jZ ah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc – dZ^_lkdbo rdhe rdhe-bgl_jgZlh\ bf_xsbo

p_evx ih^]hlh\dm g_kh\_jr_gghe_lgbo ]jZ`^Zg d ijhn_kkbhgZevghfm kem`_gbx Hl_q_kl\m gZ ]jZ`^Zgkdhf b \h_gghf ihijbs_

2. J_dhf_g^h\Zlv hj]ZgZf bkihegbl_evghc \eZklb km[t_dlh\ JN b hj

]ZgZf f_klgh]h kZfhmijZ\e_gby ijbgylv f_ju ih kha^Zgbx dZ^_lkdbo rdhe rdhe-bgl_jgZlh\ .

393

3. Fbgh[jZah\Zgbx Jhkkbb \ -f_kyqguc kjhd jZajZ[hlZlv gZ ml\_j

`^_gb_ ijZ\bl_evkl\Z JN lbih\h_ iheh`_gb_ h[ h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evghf mqj_`^_gbb – dZ^_lkdhc rdhe_ rdhe_-bgl_jgZl_

H[jZah\Zgb_ \ ^hdmf_glZo ‹ 12. K 51.

30. J_r_gb_ dhee_]bb Fbgbkl_jkl\Z h[s_]h b ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby JN “H kljmdlmj_ ^\_gZ^pZlbe_lg_c kj_^g_c h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evghc rdheu”

yg\Zjy ]

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Ijh^e_gb_ kjhdh\ h[mq_gby \ h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbyo gZ h^bg ]h^ ^Z`_ ijb khdjZs_gbb g_^_evghc mq_[ghc gZ]jmadb h[mqZxsbo ky ^Zkl \hafh`ghklv g_ lhevdh khojZgblv gh b ih\ukblv ^hklb]gmluc mjh\_gv h[jZah\Zgby

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Ijb jZkkfhlj_gbb \hijhkZ h i_j_oh^_ gZ ^\_gZ^pZlbe_lg__ h[mq_gb_ g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv baf_g_gb_ ^_fh]jZnbq_kdhc kblmZpbb \ kljZg_ \ua\Zgghc iZ^_gb_f jh`^Z_fhklb qlh ijb\_^_l d khdjZs_gbx qbkeZ h[mqZxsboky

M\_ebq_gb_ kjhdh\ h[mq_gby gZ h^bg ]h^ iha\hebl ij_h^he_lv mklhc qb\mx l_g^_gpbx mom^r_gby a^hjh\vy ^_l_c b fheh^_`b aZ kq_l kgb`_ gby ij_^_evghc h[yaZl_evghc gZ]jmadb mqZsboky rdhe

394

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e_lg__ b -e_lg__ h[jZah\Zgb_ LZd \ <_ebdh[jblZgbb kjhd h[mq_gby khklZ\ey_l – e_l \h NjZgpbb BkiZgbb Ihevr_ Yihgbb – e_l BlZebb R\_pbb =_jfZgbb – e_l

Bkoh^y ba \ur_mdZaZggh]h ijb m\_ebq_gbb kjhdZ ijh^he`bl_evghklb h[mq_gby gZ h^bg ]h^ >_iZjlZf_gl h[s_]h b kj_^g_]h h[jZah\Zgby ij_^eZ]Z_l ijbgylv ke_^mxsmx kljmdlmjm h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby

, klmi_gv – gZqZevgh_ h[s__ h[jZah\Zgb_ ]h^Z \hajZkl h[mqZx sboky – k\ur_ e_l gZ k_gly[jy H[mq_gb_ hkms_kl\ey_lky ih ijh

]jZffZf g_ij_ju\gh]h h[jZah\Zgby ^ey ^_l_c klZjr_]h ^hrdhevgh]h b feZ^r_]h rdhevgh]h \hajZklZ

,, klmi_gv – hkgh\gh_ h[s__ h[jZah\Zgb_ e_l <lhjZy klmi_gv rdh

eu hklZ_lky h[yaZl_evghc ^ey ^_l_c \ \hajZkl_ ^h e_l Wlh h[_ki_qbl [he__ \ukhdbc mjh\_gv j_ZebaZpbb ]jZ`^Zgkdbo ijZ\ b xjb^bq_kdhc hl\_lkl\_gghklb fheh^h]h q_eh\_dZ

,,, klmi_gv – kj_^g__ ihegh_ h[s__ h[jZah\Zgb_ ]h^Z KlZjrZy klm-

i_gv rdheu kljhblky ih ijbgpbim ijhnbevghc ^bnn_j_gpbZpbb KlZjrb_ deZkku kj_^gbo h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc [m^ml khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv ijb-

gylhfm \ f_`^mgZjh^ghc ijZdlbd_ ihgylbx “ij_^mgb\_jkbZjbc”.

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•jZajZ[hldZ wdhghfbq_kdbo jZkq_lh\ i_j_oh^Z gZ ^\_gZ^pZlbe_lg__ h[s__ kj_^g__ h[jZah\Zgb_

•kha^Zgb_ ghjfZlb\gh-ijZ\h\hc [Zau h[s_]h kj_^g_]h h[jZah\Zgby \g_k_gb_ baf_g_gbc \ N_^_jZevguc aZdhg JN “H \h_gghc h[yaZggh klb b \h_gghc kem`[_” \g_k_gb_ baf_g_gbc b ^hiheg_gbc \ lbih\h_

iheh`_gb_ h[ h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbyo j_Zebamxsbo h[s_ h[jZah\Zl_evgu_ ijh]jZffu

•jZajZ[hldZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguo klZg^Zjlh\ b kha^Zgb_ ijh]jZffgh-f_lh^bq_kdh]h b fZl_jbZevgh-l_ogbq_kdh]h h[_ki_q_gby gh\u_ ijh]jZffu b mq_[gbdb mq_[gh-gZ]ey^gu_ ih

kh[by b mq_[gh_ h[hjm^h\Zgb_ \ khhl\_lkl\bb k kh^_j`Zgb_f b hj ]ZgbaZpb_c h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h ijhp_kkZ

•kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ kbkl_fu ih\ur_gby d\ZebnbdZpbb i_^Z]h]b-

q_kdbo dZ^jh\ k p_evx h[_ki_q_gby ihwlZighc i_j_ih^]hlh\db mqb l_e_c b jmdh\h^bl_e_c h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc ^ey jZ[h lu \ gh\uo mkeh\byo«

HnbpbZevgu_ ^hdmf_glu \ h[jZah\Zgbb ?`_f_kyqguc bgnhjfZpbhgguc [xee_l_gv ‹ K –30.

395

31. Ijbf_jgh_ iheh`_gb_ h Ihi_qbl_evkdhf kh\_l_ h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby

1.Ihi_qbl_evkdbc kh\_l h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby y\ey_lky

\khhl\_lkl\bb k i klZlvb aZdhgZ JN “H[ h[jZah\Zgbb” nhjfhc kZ

fhmijZ\e_gby h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby Ihjy^hd \u[hjh\ b dhfi_l_gpby Ihi_qbl_evkdh]h kh\_lZ hij_^_ey_lky mklZ\hf h[s_h[jZah \Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby

2.< khklZ\ Ihi_qbl_evkdh]h kh\_lZ fh]ml \oh^blv mqZklgbdb h[jZah- \Zl_evgh]h ijhp_kkZ b bgu_ ebpZ aZbgl_j_kh\Zggu_ \ kh\_jr_gkl\h\Z- gbb ^_yl_evghklb b jZa\blbb h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby

3.Hkms_kl\e_gb_ qe_gZfb Ihi_qbl_evkdh]h kh\_lZ k\hbo nmgdpbc ijh\h^blky gZ [_a\haf_a^ghc hkgh\_

4.Ihi_qbl_evkdbc kh\_l

1)kh^_ckl\m_l ijb\e_q_gbx \g_[x^`_lguo kj_^kl\ ^ey h[_ki_- q_gby ^_yl_evghklb b jZa\blby h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby

2)kh^_ckl\m_l hj]ZgbaZpbb b memqr_gbx mkeh\bc ljm^Z i_^Z]h]b q_kdbo b ^jm]bo jZ[hlgbdh\ h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby

3)kh^_ckl\m_l kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbx fZl_jbZevgh-l_ogbq_kdhc [Zau

h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby [eZ]hmkljhckl\m ihf_s_gby b l_j jblhjbb

HnbpbZevgu_ ^hdmf_glu \ h[jZah\Zgbb 2000. ‹ 3. K 53–54.

32. Ba gZpbhgZevghc ^hdljbgu h[jZah\Zgby \ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

IhklZgh\e_gb_ IjZ\bl_evkl\Z Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

hdly[jy ]

– >hdljbgZ – hkgh\hiheZ]Zxsbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ^hdmf_gl mklZ

gZ\eb\Zxsbc ijbhjbl_l h[jZah\Zgby \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc iheblbd_ kljZ l_]bx b hkgh\gu_ gZijZ\e_gby _]h jZa\blby

>hdljbgZ hij_^_ey_l p_eb \hkiblZgby b h[mq_gby imlb bo ^hklb`_ gby ihkj_^kl\hf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc iheblbdb \ h[eZklb h[jZah\Zgby h`b ^Z_fu_ j_amevlZlu jZa\blby kbkl_fu h[jZah\Zgby gZ i_jbh^ ^h ]

KljZl_]bq_kdb_ p_eb h[jZah\Zgby l_kgh m\yaZgu k ijh[e_fZfb jZa\b lby jhkkbckdh]h h[s_kl\Z \dexqZy

– kha^Zgb_ hkgh\u ^ey mklhcqb\h]h khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdh]h b ^m

oh\gh]h jZa\blby Jhkkbb h[_ki_q_gb_ \ukhdh]h dZq_kl\Z `bagb gZjh^Z b gZpbhgZevghc [_ahiZkghklb

396

–mdj_ie_gb_ ^_fhdjZlbq_kdh]h ijZ\h\h]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b jZa\blb_ ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h h[s_kl\Z

–dZ^jh\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_ ^bgZfbqgh jZa\b\Zxs_cky jughqghc wdhgh

fbdb bgl_]jbjmxs_cky \ fbjh\h_ ohayckl\h h[eZ^Zxs_c \ukhdhc dhg dmj_glhkihkh[ghklvx b bg\_klbpbhgghc ijb\e_dZl_evghklvx

– ml\_j`^_gb_ klZlmkZ Jhkkbb \ fbjh\hf khh[s_kl\_ dZd \_ebdhc

^_j`Z\u \ kn_j_ h[jZah\Zgby dmevlmju bkdmkkl\Z gZmdb \ukhdbo l_o gheh]bc b wdhghfbdb

Kbkl_fZ h[jZah\Zgby ijba\ZgZ h[_ki_qblv

–bklhjbq_kdmx ij__fkl\_gghklv ihdhe_gbc khojZg_gb_ jZkijhkljZ- g_gb_ b jZa\blb_ gZpbhgZevghc dmevlmju \hkiblZgb_ [_j_`gh]h hlgh- r_gby d bklhjbq_kdhfm b dmevlmjghfm gZke_^bx gZjh^h\ Jhkkbb

–\hkiblZgb_ iZljbhlh\ Jhkkbb ]jZ`^Zg ijZ\h\h]h ^_fhdjZlbq_kdh

]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z kihkh[guo d khpbZebaZpbb \ mkeh\byo ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h h[ s_kl\Z m\Z`Zxsbo ijZ\Z b k\h[h^u ebqghklb h[eZ^Zxsbo \ukhdhc gjZ\kl\_gghklvx b ijhy\eyxsbo gZpbhgZevgmx b j_eb]bhagmx l_jib fhklv m\Z`bl_evgh_ hlghr_gb_ d yaudZf ljZ^bpbyf b dmevlmj_ ^jm]bo gZjh^h\

–nhjfbjh\Zgb_ dmevlmju fbjZ b f_`ebqghklguo hlghr_gbc

–jZaghklhjhgg__ b k\h_\j_f_ggh_ jZa\blb_ ^_l_c b fheh^_`b bo

l\hjq_kdbo kihkh[ghkl_c nhjfbjh\Zgb_ gZ\udh\ kZfhh[jZah\Zgby kZ fhj_ZebaZpbb ebqghklb;

– nhjfbjh\Zgb_ m ^_l_c b fheh^_`b p_ehklgh]h fbjhihgbfZgby b

kh\j_f_ggh]h gZmqgh]h fbjh\haaj_gby jZa\blb_ dmevlmju f_`wlgbq_ kdbo hlghr_gbc

– nhjfbjh\Zgb_ m ^_l_c fheh^_`b ^jm]bo dZl_]hjbc ]jZ`^Zg ljm^h

\hc fhlb\Zpbb Zdlb\ghc `bag_gghc b ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ihabpbb h[m q_gb_ hkgh\guf ijbgpbiZf ihkljh_gby ijhn_kkbhgZevghc dZjv_ju b gZ\udZf ih\_^_gby gZ jugd_ ljm^Z

– hj]ZgbaZpbx mq_[gh]h ijhp_kkZ k mq_lhf kh\j_f_gguo ^hklb`_gbc

gZmdb kbkl_fZlbq_kdh_ h[gh\e_gb_ \k_o Zki_dlh\ h[jZah\Zgby hljZ `Zxs_]h baf_g_gby \ kn_j_ dmevlmju wdhghfbdb gZmdb l_ogbdb b l_o gheh]bc

–g_ij_ju\ghklv h[jZah\Zgby \ l_q_gb_ \k_c `bagb q_eh\_dZ

–fgh]hh[jZab_ lbih\ b \b^h\ h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc b \ZjbZ lb\ghklv h[jZah\Zl_evguo ijh]jZff >«@

–ij__fkl\_gghklv mjh\g_c b klmi_g_c h[jZah\Zgby

–kha^Zgb_ ijh]jZff j_Zebamxsbo bgnhjfZpbhggu_ l_ogheh]bb \ h[jZah\Zgbb b jZa\blb_ hldjulh]h h[jZah\Zgby

–ZdZ^_fbq_kdmx fh[bevghklv h[mqZxsboky

397

–jZa\blb_ hl_q_kl\_gguo ljZ^bpbc \ jZ[hl_ k h^Zj_ggufb ^_lvfb b fheh^_`vx mqZklb_ i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\ \ gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklb

–ih^]hlh\dm \ukhdhh[jZah\Zgguo ex^_c b \ukhdhd\Zebnbpbjh\Zg guo ki_pbZebklh\ >«@ \ mkeh\byo bgnhjfZlbaZpbb h[s_kl\Z b jZa\blby gh\uo gZmdh_fdbo l_ogheh]bc

–\hkiblZgb_ a^hjh\h]h h[jZaZ `bagb jZa\blb_ >«@ kihjlZ

–ijhlb\h^_ckl\b_ g_]Zlb\guf khpbZevguf ijhp_kkZf

–wdheh]bq_kdh_ \hkiblZgb_ nhjfbjmxs__ [_j_`gh_ hlghr_gb_ gZ k_e_gby d ijbjh^_

Hkgh\gu_ aZ^Zqb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ kn_j_ h[jZah\Zgby

H[jZah\Zgb_ y\ey_lky kn_jhc hl\_lkl\_gghklb b bgl_j_kh\ ]hkm^Zjkl \Z b _]h bgklblmlh\

=hkm^Zjkl\h \ kn_j_ h[jZah\Zgby ijba\Zgh h[_ki_qblv:

– j_ZebaZpbx dhgklblmpbhggh]h ijZ\Z b jZ\gu_ \hafh`ghklb ^ey

jZaebqguo khpbZevguo keh_\ b l_jjblhjbZevguo ]jmii gZk_e_gby gZ ih emq_gb_ [_kieZlgh]h h[jZah\Zgby \ukhdh]h dZq_kl\Z

–khojZg_gb_ b jZa\blb_ _^bgh]h h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z Jhkkbb

–mqZklb_ hj]Zgh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklb \ h[_ki_q_gbb ^_yl_evgh klb fmgbpbiZevguo h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc

–nhjfbjh\Zgb_ \ h[s_kl\_gghf khagZgbb hlghr_gby d h[jZah\Zgbx dZd \ukr_c p_gghklb ]jZ`^ZgbgZ h[s_kl\Z b ]hkm^Zjkl\Z

–jZkrbj_gb_ mqZklby h[s_kl\Z \ mijZ\e_gbb h[jZah\Zgb_f

–mqZklb_ ijhn_kkbhgZevguo h[jZah\Zl_evguo khh[s_kl\ \ jZajZ[hl d_ h[jZah\Zl_evghc iheblbdb gZ n_^_jZevghf b j_]bhgZevghf mjh\gyo

–k\_lkdbc oZjZdl_j h[jZah\Zgby

–mkeh\by ^ey iheghp_ggh]h b hl\_lkl\_ggh]h h[mq_gby b \hkiblZgby ^_l_c \ k_fv_ h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbyo \k_o nhjf lbih\ b \b^h\

–\k_klhjhggxx aZ[hlm h khojZgghklb `bagb a^hjh\vy b nbabq_kdhf \hkiblZgbb b jZa\blbb ^_l_c mqZsboky b klm^_glh\

–mkeh\by ^ey ihemq_gby \k_fb ^_lvfb hkgh\gh]h h[s_]h h[jZah\Zgby

[…];

–ebd\b^Zpbx ^_lkdhc [_kijbahjghklb ij_^hl\jZs_gb_ ij_klmigh klb kj_^b fheh^_`b

–\hkiblZgb_ fheh^h]h ihdhe_gby \ ^mo_ \ukhdhc gjZ\kl\_gghklb b m\Z`_gby d aZdhgm

–kha^Zgb_ khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbo mkeh\bc ^ey ijbhjbl_lgh]h jZa \blby kbkl_fu h[jZah\Zgby

–hldjulhklv kbkl_fu h[jZah\Zgby b mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc ^ey h[s_kl \_ggh]h dhgljhey

–ghjfZlb\gh_ nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc

398

–klbfmebjh\Zgb_ g_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo bg\_klbpbc \ kbkl_fm h[jZah \Zgby […];

–ijb\e_q_gb_ jZ[hlh^Zl_e_c b ^jm]bo aZdZaqbdh\ ki_pbZebklh\ >«@ k p_evx m^h\e_l\hj_gby ihlj_[ghkl_c jugdZ ljm^Z

–^hklmi h[mqZxsboky b ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c dZ`^h]h h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h mqj_`^_gby d bgnhjfZpbhggh-^b^Zdlbq_kdbf ijh]jZffZf l_ogheh]byf k_lyf b [ZaZf ^Zgguo f_lh^bq_kdhc mq_[ghc b gZmqghc ebl_jZlmj_

–ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ [_kieZlguo mq_[gbdh\ ^ey mqZsboky h[s_h[jZah\Z

l_evguo rdhe b mqj_`^_gbc gZqZevgh]h ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby ba khpbZevgh mya\bfuo keh_\ gZk_e_gby

–k\h[h^guc \u[hj gZijZ\e_gbc b nhjf h[jZah\Zgby >«@

–\ukhdmx aZgylhklv ljm^hkihkh[gh]h gZk_e_gby ij_`^_ \k_]h fheh ^_`b

–_^bgh_ ijZ\h\h_ ijhkljZgkl\h nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby b jZa\blby h[jZ ah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc jZaebqguo nhjf kh[kl\_gghklb

–aZdhgh^Zl_evgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ kn_j fZl_jbZevghc Z^fbgbkljZlb\

ghc b bfms_kl\_gghc hl\_lkl\_gghklb mqj_^bl_e_c h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc

–ih\ur_gb_ hl\_lkl\_gghklb jZ[hlh^Zl_e_c aZ kh[ex^_gb_ ljm^h\h ]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z >«@

–]ZjfhgbaZpbx gZpbhgZevguo b wlghdmevlmjguo hlghr_gbc

–khojZg_gb_ b ih^^_j`dm wlgbq_kdhc b gZpbhgZevgh-dmevlmjghc kZ fh[ulghklb gZjh^h\ Jhkkbb ]mfZgbklbq_kdbo ljZ^bpbc bo dmevlmj

–khojZg_gb_ yaudh\ b dmevlmj \k_o gZjh^h\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

–jZa\blb_ h[jZah\Zgby b dmevlmju dhj_gguo fZehqbke_gguo gZjh^h\ K_\_jZ Kb[bjb b >Zevg_]h <hklhdZ

–khojZg_gb_ b jZa\blb_ agZqbfhklb jmkkdh]h yaudZ dZd h^gh]h ba h[t_^bgyxsbo nZdlhjh\ fgh]hgZpbhgZevgh]h jhkkbckdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z

–dZq_kl\_ggh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ \ h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evghc rdhe_ \ lhf qbk

e_ \ k_evkdhc gZ hkgh\_ jZa\blby __ fZl_jbZevghc [Zau bkihevah\Zgby kh\j_f_gguo l_ogheh]bc h[mq_gby khojZg_gby ^hihegbl_evguo khpb Zevguo ]ZjZglbc ^ey mqZsboky b i_^Z]h]h\ \ k_evkdhc f_klghklb

–]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx ih^^_j`dm h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbc \k_o nhjf kh[kl\_gghklb >«@

–kha^Zgb_ ijZ\h\uo mkeh\bc ihemq_gby h[jZah\Zgby dZd aZ kq_l

kj_^kl\ [x^`_lh\ \k_o mjh\g_c lZd b aZ kq_l kj_^kl\ h[mqZxsboky b bo k_f_c ij_^ijbylbc b hj]ZgbaZpbc

–kha^Zgb_ ijZ\h\uo mkeh\bc ^ey ij_^hklZ\e_gby h[jZah\Zl_evguo dj_^blh\ mqZsbfky b klm^_glZf ba fZehh[_ki_q_gguo k_f_c

–kha^Zgb_ b j_ZebaZpbx mkeh\bc ^ey ihemq_gby h[s_]h b ijhn_k kbhgZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby ^_lvfb-kbjhlZfb ^_lvfb hklZ\rbfbky [_a

399