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G_h[oh^bfh kdZaZlv qlh klZlvy X F ;hjh^Zy jZa\b\ZxsZy b^_b E G =mfbe_\Z klZeZ ij_^f_lhf ki_pbZevgh]h jZkkfhlj_gby gZ aZk_^Z
gbb Ij_ab^bmfZ :G KKKJ < IhklZgh\e_gbb Ij_ab^bmfZ hl 12.11.1981 ] ‹ im[ebdZpby klZlvb [ueZ ijbagZgZ hrb[hqghc ^Zxs_c g_ijZ\bev
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gh\Zgguo b g_khklhyl_evguo b^_c
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klhyl_evghklv baeh`_gguo \ur_ \a]ey^h\ E G =mfbe_\Z ijZdlbq_kdmx \j_^ghklv bo rbjhdh]h jZkijhkljZg_gby < wlhf hkgh\gZy ijbqbgZ hldZ
aZ im[ebdZpbb jZ[hl E G =mfbe_\Z
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22. Ibkvfh kh\_lkdbo mq_guo k_dj_lZjx
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GZf ij_^klZ\ey_lky qlh l_hjby E G =mfbe_\Z ihfbfh __ ijyfhc gZmqghc ieh^hl\hjghklb b g_hj^bgZjghklb fh]eZ [u y\blvky kms_kl \_gguf Zj]mf_glhf \ b^_heh]bq_kdhc [hjv[_ aZ fbj b ^jm`[m f_`^m gZjh^Zfb
GZdhg_p gZ^h kdZaZlv qlh hiihg_glu E G =mfbe_\Z bf_y g_h]jZ gbq_ggmx \hafh`ghklv gZmqguo b ihimeyjguo im[ebdZpbc ijbk\Zb\Zy beb bkdZ`Zy hl^_evgu_ gZmqgu_ iheh`_gby E G =mfbe_\Z g_ ]gmrZykv g_ lhevdh h[\bg_gbyfb _]h \ “g_agZgbb” beb “hrb[dZo” gh ^Z`_ b jZk
ijhkljZg_gb_f ihahjysbo kemoh\ b kie_l_g h g_f ^h[bebkv nZdlbq_kdh ]h aZij_s_gby _]h jZ[hl H dZdhc ^_fhdjZlbb beb ^_fhdjZlbaZpbb gZmdb fh`_l b^lb j_qv _keb fZklbluc mq_guc ebr_g ^Z`_ i_qZlghc \hafh` ghklb hl\_qZlv k\hbf hiihg_glZf"
E G =mfbe_\ mq_guc iZljbhl b [h_\hc khe^Zl <_ebdhc Hl_q_kl\_g ghc \hcgu dhlhjhfm hdly[jy ]. bkihegy_lky e_l \k_ k\hb gZ
mqgu_ baukdZgby hkms_kl\be \ ljZ]bqg_crbo b g_kijZ\_^eb\_crbo h[ klhyl_evkl\Zo km^v[u b _keb ih hlghr_gbx d g_fm \hkklZgh\e_gZ iheb lbq_kdZy b `bl_ckdZy kijZ\_^eb\hklv lh ihjZ gZdhg_p \hkklZgh\blv b
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GZqZevgbd Gh\]hjh^kdhc Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc wdki_^bpbb F=M qe_g-dhjj_kihg^_gl :G KKKJ
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Bklhqgbd ‹ K –89.
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389