Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

… H^gZ ba gZb[he__ [ukljuo \hafh`ghkl_c \ujZ\gb\Zgby bg-

l_ee_dlmZevguo ihl_gpbZeh\ f_`^m kljZgZfb aZdexqZ_lky \ hlf_g_ aZ ij_lZ gZ k\h[h^gu_ ih_a^db aZ ]jZgbpm J_qv b^_l h ih_a^dZo kh-

\_jrZ_fuo \ lhl fhf_gl b gZ klhevdh \j_f_gb dh]^Z b gZkdhevdh wlh g_h[oh^bfh mq_ghfm bg`_g_jm klm^_glm ibkZl_ex om^h`gbdm b ex [hfm ]jZ`^Zgbgm DZdh\ kfuke wlh]h g_\u]h^gh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\m b mgbab l_evgh]h ^ey ]jZ`^Zg aZij_lZ"

10. H^bg ba i_j_`bldh\ bklhjbb \ gZr_f khagZgbb khklhbl \ lhf qlh

fu gbdhfm b gb \ dZdhc f_j_ g_ jZaj_rZ_f djblbdh\Zlv PD < wlbo mkeh \byo ijboh^blky ijbagZlv qlh i_j_^ZqZ djblbq_kdbo jZ[hl aZ ]jZgbpm k l_f qlh[u hgb keh`guf iml_f ^hreb h[jZlgh ^h mr_c ijZ\bl_evkl\Z –

wlh _^bgkl\_gguc e_]Zevguc dZgZe “h[jZlghc k\yab” ^ey \gmlj_gg_c ih- eblbdb JZa\_ gbdlh \ PD g_ ihgbfZ_l \k_c g_e_ihklb wlhc kblmZpbb"

« Ex[Zy djblbdZ PD jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd ij_klmie_gb_ Ihwlhfm ex^b eb[h “dhe_[exlky \f_kl_ k iZjlb_c” eb[h hl[jZku\Zxlky d [Zjv_

jm `_kldhc [hjv[u <u agZ_l_ dhg_qgh qlh k_cqZk h[gZjm`b\Z_lky ohly b fZeh_ gh jZklms__ qbkeh ex^_c dhlhju_ hl[jhr_gu d wlhfm [Zjv_jm WlZ “eh]bdZ [hjv[u” gZ\yau\Z_lky kZfhc \eZklvx Y kijZrb\Zx dZdhc \

wlhf kfuke" G_ jZamfg__ eb gZf d dhgpm ;; \ b q_j_a e_l ihke_ j_ \hexpbb kha^Zlv gZdhg_p ghjfZevgu_ ijhf_`mlhqgu_ klmi_gb \aZbfh hlghr_gbc f_`^m ]jZ`^Zgbghf b ]hkm^Zjkl\hf" Y ih^jZamf_\Zx kgh\Z b ij_`^_ \k_]h dZd i_j\uc rZ] hlf_gm p_gamju i_qZlb k\h[h^guc h[ f_g bgnhjfZpb_c ]eZkghklv

13. <u hq_\b^gh ihgbfZ_l_ qlh kZ`Zlv hiihabpbhg_jh\ \ ikbo^hfZ b dZe_qblv bo lZf mdheZfb – wlh f_jahklv \jh^_ kl_jbebaZpbb iheblbq_

kdbo ijhlb\gbdh\ \ gZpbklkdhf j_co_ A^_kv fg_ \ kmsghklb g_ h q_f kijZrb\Zlv

H]hg_d ‹ K –24.

31. AZibkdZ Fbgbkl_jkl\Z dmevlmju KKKJ \ PD DIKK “H g_dhlhjuo g_]Zlb\guo ijhy\e_gbyo kj_^b l\hjq_kdhc fheh^_`b b g_^hklZldZo \ __ \hkiblZgbb”

fZy ]

« < ihke_^g__ \j_fy \ Fhkd\_ \hagbd jy^ kZfh^_yl_evguo l_ZljZev-

guo ]jmii hj]ZgbaZlhjZfb b mqZklgbdZfb dhlhjuo y\bebkv \ hkgh\ghf \uimkdgbdb l\hjq_kdbo \mah\ b fheh^u_ Zdl_ju G_ ihemqZy ih^he]m agZqbl_evguo jhe_c \ l_ZljZo fheh^u_ Zdl_ju k ijb\e_q_gb_f ex[bl_ e_c klZ\yl ^ey ^h\hevgh madh]h djm]Z ajbl_e_c g_dhlhju_ ijhba\_^_gby

330

g_ jZaj_r_ggu_ d ihklZgh\d_ \ gZrbo l_ZljZo \ dhlhjuo ijhih\_^m_lky fbklbdZ k_dk bkdZ`_ggh hljZ`Z_lky kh\_lkdZy ^_ckl\bl_evghklv«

< gZklhys__ \j_fy ]hjh^kdb_ hj]ZgbaZpbb jZajZ[hlZeb b hkms_kl\ eyxl f_jhijbylby gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ mkbe_gb_ b^_cgh-\hkiblZl_evghc

jZ[hlu kj_^b fhkdh\kdbo om^h`gbdh\ b hkh[_ggh fheh^_`b Wlbf \h ijhkZf [ueb ihk\ys_gu ijh\_^_ggu_ \ fZjl_-Zij_e_ l ] kh[jZgb_ dhf

fmgbklh\-om^h`gbdh\ Fhkd\u b ie_gmf ijZ\e_gby Fhkdh\kdhc hj]Zgb

aZpbb KhxaZ om^h`gbdh\ JKNKJ < fhkdh\kdhc i_qZlb kbkl_fZlbq_kdb im[ebdmxlky fZl_jbZeu jZkdju\Zxsb_ kmsghklv Z[kljZdpbhgbafZ Ijh\h^blky lZd`_ jZ[hlZ ih ij_^mij_`^_gbx \hafh`guo Zglbh[s_kl \_gguo ijhy\e_gbc kh klhjhgu om^h`gbdh\-“Z\Zg]Zj^bklh\”.

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –108.

32. AZibkdZ Hl^_eZ dmevlmju PD DIKK “H[ mqZklbb fhkdh\kdbo ebl_jZlhjh\ \ ZevfZgZo_ “F_ljhihev”

yg\Zjy ]

K?DJ?LGH

PD DIKK

H ibkvf_ ]jmiiu fhkdh\kdbo ebl_jZlhjh\ b ZevfZgZo_ “F_ljhihev” IbkZl_eb < :dk_gh\ ; :ofZ^mebgZ : ;blh\ b ^jm]b_ \k_]h [ q_

eh\_d h[jZlbebkv \ PD DIKK k `Zeh[hc gZ ydh[u g_ijZ\bevgh_ hlgh r_gb_ d ih^]hlh\e_gghfm bfb ebl_jZlmjghfm ZevfZgZom kh klhjhgu jm dh\h^kl\Z Fhkdh\kdhc ibkZl_evkdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb

<k\yab k wlbf kqblZ_f g_h[oh^bfuf bgnhjfbjh\Zlv h ke_^mxs_f

<k_j_^bg_ yg\Zjy k ] klZeh ba\_klgh qlh qe_gu KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ < :dk_gh\ : ;blh\ N BkdZg^_j b gZqbgZxsb_ ebl_jZlhju g_

^Z\gh ijbgylu_ \ Khxa ibkZl_e_c b _s_ g_ ihemqb\rb_ qe_gkdbo [be_ lh\ ? Ihih\ b < ?jhn__\ ih^]hlh\beb k[hjgbd ih^ gZa\Zgb_f “F_ljh

ihev” b fbgmy h[s_ijbgyluc ihjy^hd gZf_j_\Zebkv ihlj_[h\Zlv hl =hkdhfba^ZlZ KKKJ _]h g_f_^e_gghc im[ebdZpbb

H[t_fbklhfm k[hjgbdm hdheh lukyqb kljZgbp gZ fZrbgd_ ij_^-

ihkeZgh ij_^bkeh\b_ < g_f ml\_j`^Z_lky qlh kms_kl\mxsZy \ KKKJ j_^Zdpbhggh-ba^Zl_evkdZy ijZdlbdZ ^ey Z\lhjh\ k[hjgbdZ g_ijb_fe_fZ

qlh “fmlhjgZy bg_jpby dhlhjZy kms_kl\m_l \ `mjgZeZo b ba^Zl_evkl\Zo \_^_l d \hagbdgh\_gbx jZa^mlhc \k_h[s_c hl\_lkl\_gghklb aZ “rmldm”

ebl_jZlmju g_ lhevdh g_ mf_xs_c [ulv lZdhc dZd gZ^h gh ^Z`_ lZdhc dZd \q_jZ WlZ \k_h[sZy “hl\_lkl\_gghklv” \uau\Z_l khklhygb_ aZklhc-

331

gh]h lboh]h i_j_im]Z klj_fe_gb_ ih^h]gZlv ebl_jZlmjgmx “rmldm” ih^

jZg`bj <g_dhfie_dlgZy ebl_jZlmjZ h[j_q_gZ ihjhc gZ fgh]he_lgb_ kdblZgby b [_a^hfghklv ”.

< g_dhlhjuo khqbg_gbyo \dexq_gguo \ ZevfZgZo hlq_leb\h ijhke_ `b\Z_lky ij_bfms_kl\_ggh_ \gbfZgb_ d bah[jZ`_gbx g_]Zlb\guo klh jhg gZr_c `bagb Hl^_evgu_ ba gbo ^\mkfuke_ggu ih b^_cgh-iheblb-

q_kdhc gZijZ\e_gghklb Jy^ ijhba\_^_gbc bah[bem_l wjhlbq_kdbfb ih^- qZk hldjh\_ggh ihjgh]jZnbq_kdbfb kp_gZfb

<k_]h d mqZklbx \ “F_ljhihe_” ijb\e_q_gu ebl_jZlhjZ Kj_^b gboqe_gh\ KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ djhf_ mihfbgZ\rboky – K Ebidbg B EbkgygkdZy : :jdZgh\ ; <Zolbg Z lZd`_ g_ qe_gu KhxaZ ibkZl_ e_c KKKJ F Jhah\kdbc ? J_cg N =hj_grl_cg I Dh`_\gbdh\ = KZi- ]bj < <ukhpdbc X DZjZ[bq_\kdbc X Dm[eZgh\kdbc < JZdblbg < Ljhklgbdh\ E ;Zldbg b X :e_rdh\kdbc X :e_rdh\kdbc bkdexq_g ba KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ \ k\yab k ij_^klhysbf \u_a^hf \ BajZbev

>ey ijb^Zgby k\h_fm k[hjgbdm [hevr_]h \_kZ < :dk_gh\ ijbh[sbe d

mqZklbx \ g_f b ^\mo ba\_klguo kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c < k[hjgbd \dex q_gu g_kdhevdh klboh\ : <hag_k_gkdh]h b g_[hevrh_ ijhba\_^_gb_

; :ofZ^mebghc

Om^h`_kl\_ggh_ hnhjfe_gb_ ZevfZgZoZ hkms_kl\e_gh qe_gZfb Khx aZ om^h`gbdh\ KKKJ ; F_kk_j_jhf b > ;hjh\kdbf

Hj]ZgbaZlhju ZevfZgZoZ gZf_lbeb ijh\_klb \ h^ghf ba fhkdh\kdbo dZn_ \_q_j \ q_klv \uoh^Z \ k\_l k ijb]eZr_gb_f rbjhdh]h djm]Z l\hj q_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\ klhebpu Z lZd`_ ij_kk-dhgn_j_gpbx ^ey bghkljZg

guo dhjj_kihg^_glh\

< k_dj_lZjbZl_ Fhkdh\kdhc ibkZl_evkdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb khklhyebkv bg^b\b^mZevgu_ [_k_^u k : ;blh\uf N BkdZg^_jhf ? Ihih\uf b

< ?jhn__\uf < :dk_gh\ hl \klj_qb mdehgbeky Ihiuldb jZatykgblv hj]ZgbaZlhjZf ZevfZgZoZ g_ijb]ey^guc b^_heh]bq_kdbc oZjZdl_j bo aZ-

l_b g_kh\f_klbfhklv bo ^_ckl\bc k ghjfZfb gZr_c ebl_jZlmjghc `bagb g_ m\_gqZebkv mki_ohf

yg\Zjy k_dj_lZjbZl ijZ\e_gby b iZjldhf Fhkdh\kdhc ibkZl_evkdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb ijh\_eb kh\f_klgh_ aZk_^Zgb_ gZ dhlhjhf jZkkfhlj_eb \h ijhk h k[hjgbd_ “F_ljhihev”.

I_j\uc k_dj_lZjv ijZ\e_gby Fhkdh\kdhc ibkZl_evkdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb

E =bga[mj] X >jmgbgZ b ^jm]b_ \ k\hbo \uklmie_gbyo d\Zebnbpbjh-

\Zeb ^_ckl\by khklZ\bl_e_c k[hjgbdZ dZd iheblbq_kdmx ijh\hdZpbx gZijZ\e_ggmx gZ jZa`b]Zgb_ hq_j_^ghc Zglbkh\_lkdhc dZfiZgbb gZ AZ iZ^_ dZd ihiuldm e_]ZebaZpbb “kZfba^ZlZ”.

332

Hj]ZgbaZlhjZf “F_ljhihey” [ueh ij_^eh`_gh j_rZlv \hijhk h[ ba

^Zgbb ijhba\_^_gbc \dexq_gguo \ g_]h \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ghjfZfb kh \_lkdh]h Z\lhjkdh]h ijZ\Z b kms_kl\mxs_c \ gZr_c kljZg_ ba^Zl_evkdhc ijZdlbdhc

Ijbkmlkl\h\Z\rb_ gZ aZk_^Zgbb < :dk_gh\ : ;blh\ N BkdZg^_j ? Ihih\ < ?jhn__\ iulZebkv gZb\gh ij_^klZ\blv k\hb ^_ckl\by dZd “aZ[hlm” h jZkrbj_gbb om^h`_kl\_ggh]h [h]Zlkl\Z kh\_lkdhc ebl_jZlm

ju m\_jyy qlh hgb g_ k\yaZgu k aZjm[_`gufb ijhiZ]Zg^bklkdbfb p_g ljZfb b g_ gZf_j_gu i_j_ijZ\eylv jmdhibkv aZ ]jZgbpm

GZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv hgb khh[sbeb qlh g_ [m^ml ijh\h^blv b k\hc “\_jgbkZ`” b ij_kk-dhgn_j_gpbx

H^gZdh \ lhl `_ \_q_j jZ^bhklZgpby “=hehk :f_jbdb” khh[sbeZ qlh jmdhibkb “F_ljhihey” m`_ gZoh^ylky aZ jm[_`hf b \kdhj_ [m^ml ba^Zgu \ KR: b \h NjZgpbb

K_dj_lZjbZl ijZ\e_gby Fhkdh\kdhc ibkZl_evkdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb ih kh ]eZkh\Zgbx k F=D DIKK b Khxahf ibkZl_e_c KKKJ jZajZ[hlZe f_ju ih g_cljZebaZpbb wlhc \ueZadb

< fgh]hlbjZ`ghc ]Za_l_ “Fhkdh\kdbc ebl_jZlhj” ]hlh\blky im[eb-

dZpby fZl_jbZeZ h kh\f_klghf aZk_^Zgbb k_dj_lZjbZlZ b iZjldhfZ Fhk dh\kdhc ibkZl_evkdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb

=hlh\blky lZd`_ \uklmie_gb_ “Ebl_jZlmjghc ]Za_lu” \ dhlhjhf [m

^_l ^ZgZ ijbgpbibZevgZy hp_gdZ k[hjgbdZ ihdZaZgZ g_ijb]ey^gZy jhev _]h hj]ZgbaZlhjh\

IeZgbjm_lky ijh\_klb hldjulh_ iZjlbcgh_ kh[jZgb_ Fhkdh\kdhc ib kZl_evkdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb k ih\_kldhc ^gy “Kh\j_f_ggZy b^_heh]bq_kdZy

[hjv[Z b aZ^Zqb fhkdh\kdbo ibkZl_e_c” F=D DIKK b jmdh\h^kl\h Fhk

dh\kdhc ibkZl_evkdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb ijh^he`Zxl bg^b\b^mZevgmx jZ[hlm k mqZklgbdZfb k[hjgbdZ :\lhjZf ijhba\_^_gbc dhlhju_ ih k\h_fm ^mom b gZijZ\e_gghklb g_ ijhlb\hj_qZl b^_cgh-wkl_lbq_kdbf ijbgpbiZf kh

\_lkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z [m^_l ij_^eh`_gh him[ebdh\Zlv bo \ khhl\_lk\mx sbo kh\_lkdbo ba^Zgbyo

>hdeZ^u\Z_lky \ ihjy^d_ bgnhjfZpbb

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K 213–215.

33. I E DZibpZ b X < :g^jhih\ h[ bgZdhfukebb

I DZibpZ – X :g^jhih\m

11 ghy[jy ].

Fhkd\Z

Qe_gm Ihebl[xjh PD DIKK Ij_^k_^Zl_ex Dhfbl_lZ ]hkm^Zjkl- \_gghc [_ahiZkghklb KKKJ lh\Zjbsm X < :g^jhih\m

333

=em[hdhm\Z`Z_fuc Xjbc <eZ^bfbjh\bq

F_gy dZd b fgh]bo mq_guo kbevgh \hegm_l iheh`_gb_ b km^v[Z gZ rbo djmiguo mq_guo nbabdh\ : > KZoZjh\Z b X N Hjeh\Z Kha^Z\

r__ky k_cqZk iheh`_gb_ fh`gh ijhklh hibkZlv KZoZjh\ b Hjeh\ k\h_c gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklvx ijbghkyl [hevrmx ihevam Z bo ^_yl_evghklv dZd bgZdhfukeysbo kqblZ_lky \j_^ghc K_cqZk hgb ihklZ\e_gu \ lZdb_ mk-

eh\by \ dhlhjuo hgb \h\k_ g_ fh]ml aZgbfZlvky gbdZdhc ^_yl_evghklvx LZdbf h[jZahf g_ ijbghkblv gb ihevau gb \j_^Z KijZrb\Z_lky \u]h^ gh eb wlh kljZg_" < wlhf ibkvf_ y iulZxkv ih \hafh`ghklb h[t_dlb\g__ h[km^blv wlhl \hijhk

?keb kijhkblv mq_guo lh hgb j_rbl_evgh kdZ`ml qlh, dh]^Z lZdb_

djmigu_ mq_gu_ dZd KZoZjh\ b Hjeh\ ebr_gu \hafh`ghklb aZgbfZlvky ghjfZevghc gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklvx wlh ijbghkbl q_eh\_q_kl\m mjhg ?keb kijhkblv h[s_kl\_gguo ^_yl_e_c dhlhju_ h[uqgh fZeh agZdhfu k gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklvx mq_guo lh hgb ^Z^ml h[jZlgmx oZjZdl_jbklbdm kha^Z\r_fmky m gZk iheh`_gbx

< bklhjbb q_eh\_q_kdhc dmevlmju kh \j_f_g KhdjZlZ g_j_^dh bf_eb f_klh kemqZb Zdlb\gh \jZ`^_[gh]h hlghr_gby d bgZdhfukebx J_rZlv h[t_dlb\gh ihklZ\e_gguc gZfb \hijhk gm`gh dhg_qgh \ k\yab k dhg dj_lghc khpbZevghc h[klZgh\dhc \ dhlhjhc \ ^Zggh_ \j_fy gZoh^blky kljZgZ < gZrbo mkeh\byo kljhbl_evkl\Z gh\h]h khpbZevgh]h kljhy y ^mfZx gZb[he__ ijZ\bevgh hi_j_lvky gZ fg_gb_ E_gbgZ ihkdhevdm hgh [m^_l \k_klhjhggbf lZd dZd E_gbg [ue g_ lhevdh djmiguf fukebl_e_f mq_guf gh b [hevrbf h[s_kl\_gguf ^_yl_e_f

?]h hlghr_gb_ d mq_guf \ ZgZeh]bqguo kblmZpbyo ohjhrh ba\_klgh GZb[he__ ykgh b ihegh wlh \b^gh ih _]h hlghr_gbx d B I IZ\eh\m > @

BgZdhfukeb_ l_kgh k\yaZgh k ihe_aghc l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklvx q_ eh\_dZ Z l\hjq_kdZy ^_yl_evghklv \ ex[uo hljZkeyo dmevlmju h[_ki_qb \Z_l ijh]j_kk q_eh\_q_kl\Z

E_]dh \b^_lv qlh \ bklhdZo \k_o hljZke_c l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb q_eh\_dZ e_`bl g_^h\hevkl\h kms_kl\mxsbf GZijbf_j mq_guc g_^h\h-

e_g kms_kl\mxsbf mjh\g_f ihagZgby \ bgl_j_kmxs_c _]h h[eZklb gZm db b hg bs_l gh\u_ f_lh^u bkke_^h\Zgby IbkZl_ev g_^h\he_g \aZbfh hlghr_gb_f ex^_c \ h[s_kl\_ b hg klZjZ_lky om^h`_kl\_gguf f_lh^hf ih\ebylv gZ kljmdlmjm h[s_kl\Z b gZ ih\_^_gb_ ex^_c Bg`_g_j g_^h\h e_g kh\j_f_gguf j_r_gb_f l_ogbq_kdhc aZ^Zqb b bs_l gh\u_ dhgkljmd lb\gu_ nhjfu ^ey __ j_r_gby H[s_kl\_gguc ^_yl_ev g_^h\he_g l_fb aZdhgZfb b ljZ^bpbyfb gZ dhlhjuo ihkljh_gh ]hkm^Zjkl\h, b bs_l gh

\u_ nhjfu ^ey nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby h[s_kl\Z b l ^

LZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u ihy\behkv `_eZgb_ gZqZlv l\hjblv \ hkgh\_ ^he`gh e_`Zlv g_^h\hevkl\h kms_kl\mxsbf lh _klv gZ^h [ulv bgZdh

334

fukeysbf Wlh hlghkblky d ex[hc hljZkeb q_eh\_q_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb Dhg_qgh g_^h\hevguo fgh]h gh qlh[u ijh^mdlb\gh ijhy\blv k_[y \ l\hjq_kl\_ gZ^h _s_ h[eZ^Zlv lZeZglhf @bagv ihdZau\Z_l qlh [hevrbo lZeZglh\ hq_gv fZeh b ihwlhfm bo gZ^h p_gblv b h[_j_]Zlv Wlh ljm^gh hkms_kl\blv ^Z`_ ijb ohjhr_f jmdh\h^kl\_ ;hevrh_ l\hjq_kl\h lj_[m _l b [hevrh]h l_fi_jZf_glZ b wlh ijb\h^bl d j_adbf nhjfZf g_^h\hev kl\Z ihwlhfm lZeZgleb\u_ ex^b h[uqgh h[eZ^Zxl dZd ]h\hjyl “ljm^

guf oZjZdl_jhf” GZijbf_j wlh qZklh fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv m [hevrbo ib

kZl_e_c lZd dZd hgb e_]dh kkhjylky b ex[yl ijhl_klh\Zlv < ^_ckl\b l_evghklb l\hjq_kdZy ^_yl_evghklv h[uqgh \klj_qZ_l iehohc ijb_f ih kdhevdm \ k\h_c fZkk_ ex^b dhgk_j\Zlb\gu b klj_fylky d kihdhcghc `bagb

< j_amevlZl_ ^bZe_dlbdZ jZa\blby q_eh\_q_kdhc dmevlmju e_`bl \ lbkdZo ijhlb\hj_qby f_`^m dhgk_j\Zlbafhf b bgZdhfukeb_f, b wlh ijh

bkoh^bl \h \k_ \j_f_gZ b \h \k_o h[eZklyo q_eh\_q_kdhc dmevlmju«

Fu gbq_]h g_ ^hklb]eb m\_ebqb\Zy Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh_ \ha^_ckl\b_ gZ KZoZjh\Z b Hjeh\Z < j_amevlZl_ bo bgZdhfukeb_ lhevdh \k_ \hajZklZ_l b k_cqZk wlh ^Z\e_gb_ ^hklb]eh lZdhc \_ebqbgu qlh \uau\Z_l hljbpZ l_evgmx j_Zdpbx ^Z`_ aZ jm[_`hf > @

Y g_ fh]m k_[_ ij_^klZ\blv dZd _s_ fu ij_^iheZ]Z_f \ha^_ckl\h\Zlv gZ gZrbo bgZdhfukeysbo mq_guo ?keb fu kh[bjZ_fky _s_ m\_ebqblv f_lh^u kbeh\uo ijb_fh\ lh wlh gbq_]h hljZ^gh]h g_ kmebl

G_ emqr_ eb ihijhklm ^Zlv aZ^gbc oh^"

X :g^jhih\ – I DZibp_

M\Z`Z_fuc I_lj E_hgb^h\bq

<gbfZl_evgh ijhqblZe <Zr_ ibkvfh KdZ`m kjZam hgh f_gy h]hjqb eh H]hjqbeh kf_r_gb_f g_dhlhjuo lZdbo nbehkhnkdbo b iheblbq_kdbo ihgylbc dhlhju_ kf_rb\Zlv gbdZd g_evay Y g_dhfi_l_gl_g h[km`^Zlv

\k_ \hijhku dhlhju_ <u aZljZ]b\Z_l_ Gh gZ g_dhlhju_ ba gbo fg_ ohl_ ehkv [u hl\_lblv

I_j\uc ijbgpbibZevguc \hijhk Hg dZkZ_lky hp_gdb bgZdhfukeby <u ibr_l_ qlh bgZdhfukeb_ “l_kgh k\yaZgh k ihe_aghc l\hjq_kdhc ^_y- l_evghklvx q_eh\_dZ” b l_f kZfuf “h[_ki_qb\Z_l ijh]j_kk q_eh\_q_kl\Z”.

DZd y ihgbfZx <u ih^gbfZ_l_ nbehkhnkdbc \hijhk h jheb b^_c \ jZa\b lbb h[s_kl\Z ?keb wlh lZd lh ijZ\bevg__ [ueh [u hq_\b^gh ]h\hjblv h jheb i_j_^h\uo b j_Zdpbhgguo b^_c Z g_ bkihevah\Zlv l_jfbg dhlhjuc ih \he_ beb \hij_db \he_ Z\lhjZ k]eZ`b\Z_l wlh jZaebqb_ [_j_l \ h[sb_ kdh[db dZq_kl\_ggh jZaebqgu_ y\e_gby \ h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb«

335

DZd dhffmgbkl y _kl_kl\_ggh ijbagZx lhevdh dhgdj_lguc ih^oh^ d ex[uf b^_yf b y\e_gbyf \ h[eZklb iheblbdb beb dmevlmju b fh]m hp_ gb\Zlv bo ebrv k lhqdb aj_gby lh]h y\eyxlky eb hgb ijh]j_kkb\gufb beb j_Zdpbhggufb Ih^^_j`b\Zy ijh]j_kkb\gu_ b^_b dhffmgbklu \k_ ]^Z [hjhebkv [hjxlky b [m^ml [hjhlvky ijhlb\ b^_c j_Zdpbhgguo dhlh ju_ lhjfhayl h[s_kl\_gguc ijh]j_kk < wlhf \hijhk_ g_evay [ulv gb g_cljZevguf gb iZkkb\guf

<lhjhc \hijhk < <Zr_f ibkvf_ ijh\h^blky fukev qlh KZoZjh\ b Hjeh\ y\eyxlky kljZ^ZevpZfb aZ “bgZdhfukeb_” qlh hgb g_ fh]ml aZgb

fZlvky gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklvx gZ ihevam h[s_kl\m Ij_`^_ \k_]h ohqm hlf_lblv qlh gbdlh b gbdh]^Z g_ qbgbe bf ij_iylkl\bc \ h[eZklb gZmq guo bkke_^h\Zgbc b baukdZgbc LZd KZoZjh\ ^h kbo ihj y\ey_lky klZj rbf gZmqguf khljm^gbdhf NB:G _]h ljm^u im[ebdmxlky \ gZmqguo ba^Zgbyo B k_cqZk m KZoZjh\Z _klv \hafh`ghklv aZgbfZlvky gZmqghc jZ[hlhc Gh qlh-lh g_ \b^gh lZdh]h `_eZgby k _]h klhjhgu DklZlb kZf

KZoZjh\ g_kdhevdh e_l gZaZ^ aZy\eye qlh _]h klZeh [hevr_ bgl_j_kh\Zlv g_ gZmqgh_ l\hjq_kl\h Z iheblbq_kdZy ^_yl_evghklv

Qlh `_ dZkZ_lky <Zrbo ml\_j`^_gbc qlh KZoZjh\ b Hjeh\ gZdZaZgu aZ “bgZdhfukeb_” lh hq_\b^gh <u klZeb `_jl\hc qv_c-lh g_^h[jhkh\_-

klghc bgnhjfZpbb Ba\_klgh qlh \ gZr_c kljZg_ g_ km^yl aZ “bgZ- dhfukeb_” b kh\_lkdbc aZdhg \h\k_ g_ ij_^ibku\Z_l \k_f ]jZ`^ZgZf fukeblv \ jZfdZo dZdbo-lh h^ghagZqguo kl_j_hlbih\ IhqblZcl_ \uk-

dZau\Zgb_ ih wlhfm \hijhkm E_hgb^Z BevbqZ ;j_`g_\Z Hg g_h^ghdjZlgh ih^q_jdb\Ze qlh m gZk g_ \ha[jZgy_lky “fukeblv bgZq_” q_f [hev-

rbgkl\h djblbq_kdb hp_gb\Zlv l_ beb bgu_ klhjhgu h[s_kl\_gghc `ba- gb “D lh\ZjbsZf dhlhju_ \uklmiZxl k djblbdhc h[hkgh\Zggh klj_fykv ihfhqv ^_em – mdZau\Ze E_hgb^ Bevbq – fu hlghkbfky dZd d ^h[jhkh-

\_klguf djblbdZf b [eZ]h^Zjgu bf D l_f dlh djblbdm_l hrb[hqgh fu hlghkbfky dZd d aZ[em`^Zxsbfky ex^yf”.

LZd h[klhbl ^_eh k “bgZdhfukeb_f”.

>jm]h_ ^_eh dh]^Z lZd gZau\Z_fu_ “bgZdhfukeysb_” klZgh\ylky gZ

imlv ih^ju\Z Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb ih^ju\Z kh\_lkdh]h h[s_kl\_ggh]h kljhy klZgh\ylky gZ imlv ij_^Zl_evkl\Z gZghkyl ms_j[ [_ahiZkghklb gZr_c kljZgu Hgb [_jml gZ \hhjm`_gb_ b i_j_^Zqm gZ AZiZ^ de_\_lgb q_kdbo fZl_jbZeh\ ba\jZsZxsbo b q_jgysbo kh\_lkdbc kljhc b hj]Z gbaZpbx Zglbh[s_kl\_gguo \ueZahd b \uklmie_gby k ijbau\Zfb d bf i_jbZebklbq_kdbf ^_j`Z\Zf mkbeb\Zlv ^Z\e_gb_ gZ Kh\_lkdbc Khxa \ bgl_j_kZo bfi_jbZebklbq_kdhc iheblbdb Lml m`_ lZd gZau\Z_fu_ “bgZ

dhfukeysb_” i_j_oh^yl \ kn_jm \jZ`^_[guo iheblbq_kdbo ^_ckl\bc

i_j_klmiZxl ]jZgv aZdhgZ < lZdbo kemqZyo h[s_kl\h \ijZ\_ h]jZ`^Zlv k_[y ijbgbfZy g_h[oh^bfu_ f_ju ij_k_q_gby Gh ij_k_dZ_lky g_ “bgZ

dhfukeb_” Z ^_ckl\by gZghkysb_ ms_j[ bgl_j_kZf b ijZ\Zf ^jm]bo

336

]jZ`^Zg ]hkm^Zjkl\m b h[s_kl\m \ p_ehf < Dhgklblmpbb KKKJ ijyfh ]h\hjblky h[ h[yaZgghklyo ]jZ`^Zg h[_ki_qb\Zlv [_ahiZkghklv gZr_c Jh^bgu Ex[u_ \jZ`^_[gu_ ^_ckl\by ijhlb\ kh\_lkdh]h kljhy y\eyxlky ij_klmigufb b ihlhfm m]heh\gh gZdZam_fufb Wlh b kijZ\_^eb\h b ^_ fhdjZlbqgh Wlh gZdhg_p ]mfZggh b[h gZijZ\e_gh gZ aZsblm kZfbo kh\_lkdbo ex^_c

Lj_lv_ DZkZykv nZdlbq_kdhc klhjhgu \hijhkZ h KZoZjh\_ b Hjeh\_ ohqm kdZaZlv ke_^mxs__ :dZ^_fbd KZoZjh\ gZqbgZy k ]h^Z kbkl_

fZlbq_kdb ijh\h^bl ih^ju\gmx jZ[hlm ijhlb\ Kh\_lkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z Hg ih^]hlh\be b jZkijhkljZgbe gZ AZiZ^_ [he__ jZaebqguo fZl_jbZ eh\ \ dhlhjuo kh^_j`blky nZevkbnbdZpby b ]jm[_crZy de_\_lZ gZ \gml j_ggxx b \g_rgxx iheblbdm Kh\_lkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ?]h fZl_jbZeu bkihevamxlky bfi_jbZebklZfb ^ey jZa`b]Zgby Zglbkh\_lbafZ ^ey hkm s_kl\e_gby iheblbdb \jZ`^_[ghc gZr_fm kljhx b ]hkm^Zjkl\m DZd \b^bl_ lml m`_ g_ “bgZdhfukeb_” Z ^_ckl\by gZghkysb_ ms_j[ ^_em

[_ahiZkghklb b h[hjhghkihkh[ghklb Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ

:dZ^_fbd KZoZjh\ ijyfh \uklmibe \ ih^^_j`dm ij_klmigbdh\ hkm s_kl\b\rbo \aju\ \ fhkdh\kdhf f_ljh dhlhjuc ijb\_e d ]b[_eb ex^_c Qlh wlh – lh`_ “bgZdhfukeb_” beb gZ^jm]Zl_evkl\h gZ^ qm\kl\Zfb jh^

guo b [ebadbo ih]b[rbo gZ^ qm\kl\Zfb fbeebhgh\ kh\_lkdbo ex^_c \ujZ`Zxsbo g_]h^h\Zgb_ \ k\yab k wlhc ij_klmighc Zdpb_c" <_^v lZdZy ihabpby ZdZ^_fbdZ KZoZjh\Z ih kms_kl\m hagZqZ_l ih^klj_dZl_evkl\h d l_jjhjbafm

GZ^h kdZaZlv qlh k ZdZ^_fbdhf KZoZjh\uf l_ji_eb\h b ^he]h jZ[hlZ eb K gbf [_k_^h\Zeb \ PD DIKK \ Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ k gbf [_ k_^h\Zeb ZdZ^_fbdb D_e^ur OZjblhg b ^jm]b_ ?fm ^\Z`^u ^_eZehkv ij_^mij_`^_gb_ ih ebgbb IjhdmjZlmju KKKJ DZd \b^bl_ d ZdZ^_fbdm KZoZjh\m [ueh ijhy\e_gh b \gbfZgb_ b [hevrZy l_jibfhklv ?]h iulZ ebkv m[_j_qv hl iZ^_gby khojZgblv _]h ^ey gZmdb ^ey ieh^hl\hjgh]h ljm^Z gZ [eZ]h kh\_lkdh]h gZjh^Z D kh`Ze_gbx hg g_ \gye wlhfm Ohqm kdZaZlv b h lZdhc klhjhg_ < gZjmr_gb_ kms_kl\mxsbo ijZ\be hg dZd ghkbl_ev hkh[h \Z`guo ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo k_dj_lh\ ^_kyldb jZa ihk_sZe Zf_jbdZgkdh_ ihkhevkl\h <u q_eh\_d hiulguc ihgbfZ_l_ dZd j\mlky d gZrbf k_dj_lZf bfi_jbZebklbq_kdb_ ki_pkem`[u Ijb gZijZ\e_gbb _]h gZ `bl_evkl\h \ ] =hjvdbc mqblu\Zehkv b wlh h[klhyl_evkl\h

Qlh dZkZ_lky Hjeh\Z lh km^ ijbagZe qlh hg aZgbfZeky ij_klmighc ^_yl_evghklvx gZijZ\e_gghc gZ ih^ju\ b hkeZ[e_gb_ Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb LZdZy ^_yl_evghklv g_ fh]eZ hklZlvky [_agZdZaZgghc

Q_l\_jlh_ Qlh dZkZ_lky <Zrbo kkuehd gZ hlghr_gb_ < B E_gbgZ d B I IZ\eh\m b ^jm]bf ij_^klZ\bl_eyf klZjhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb dhlhju_

ihgZqZem g_ \h \k_f \hkijbgyeb Kh\_lkdmx \eZklv lh hgh gbdZd g_ ijhlb \hj_qbl iheblbd_ gZr_c iZjlbb \ hlghr_gbb bgl_eeb]_gpbb gZ gug_rg_f

337

wlZi_ E_gbg ijhy\eyy fZdkbfmf \gbfZgby b l_jibfhklb \ hlghr_gbb ij_^klZ\bl_e_c [mj`mZaghc bgl_eeb]_gpbb klj_fbeky d lhfm qlh[u hgb i_j_reb gZ ihabpbb khpbZebafZ Ijb wlhf hg \h\k_ g_ [ue klhjhggbdhf [_kij_^_evgh]h “bgZdhfukeby” \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z hgh gZghkbeh ms_j[

dhj_gguf bgl_j_kZf kh\_lkdh]h gZjh^Z <aylv ohly [u ^hdeZ^ E_gbgZ gZ aZk_^Zgbb I_ljh]jZ^kdh]h Kh\_lZ fZjlZ ]. LZf hg ijyfh ]h\hjbe h

g_h[oh^bfhklb dhgljhey b [^bl_evgh]h gZ^ahjZ kh klhjhgu ijhe_lZjbZlZ gZ^ ^_yl_evghklvx ij_^klZ\bl_e_c bgl_eeb]_gpbb h g_h[oh^bfhklb ij_ k_q_gby ex[uo dhgljj_\hexpbhgguo aZfukeh\

Kh[kl\_ggh ]h\hjy ihklZ\e_ggu_ <Zfb \hijhku g_ y\eyxlky dhfi_ l_gpb_c gb fh_c gb hj]ZgbaZpbb dhlhjmx y \ha]eZ\eyx HldebdZykv gZ <Zr_ ibkvfh y jmdh\h^kl\h\Zeky I_lj E_hgb^h\bq qm\kl\hf m\Z`_gby d <Zf

Dhffmgbkl ‹ K 51–57.

34. Ibkvfh D=; KKKJ \ PD DIKK h gZf_j_gbb qZklb fhkdh\kdbo klm^_glh\ ijh\_klb fblbg] iZfylb Zg]ebckdh]h i_\pZ > E_gghgZ

20 ^_dZ[jy ]

K?DJ?LGH

< Dhfbl_l ]hk[_ahiZkghklb ihklmiZxl ^Zggu_ h lhf qlh \ jy^_ mq_[ guo aZ\_^_gbc ]hjh^Z Fhkd\u Fhkdh\kdhf ]hkmgb\_jkbl_l_ =hkm^Zjkl \_gghf bklhjbdh-Zjob\ghf bgklblml_ Bgklblml_ jZ^bhl_ogbdb we_d

ljhgbdb b Z\lhfZlbdb ihy\bebkv Zghgbfgu_ h[ty\e_gby \ dhlhjuo ij_^eZ]Z_lky \k_f `_eZxsbf ijbgylv mqZklb_ \ fblbg]_ iZfylb Zg]ebc kdh]h i_\pZ dhfihablhjZ b hkgh\Zl_ey ZgkZf[ey “;blea” >`hgZ E_gghgZ

^_dZ[jy k ] \ qZkh\ gZ kfhljh\hc iehsZ^d_ E_gbgkdbo ]hj

H ljZ]bq_kdhc ]b[_eb fmaudZglZ khh[sZehkv \ jy^_ p_gljZevguo ]Z a_l “DhfkhfhevkdZy ijZ\^Z”, “Kh\_lkdZy Jhkkby”, “Fhkdh\kdbc dhfkh

fhe_p” b \ i_j_^ZqZo P_gljZevgh]h l_e_\b^_gby

Dhfbl_lhf ]hk[_ahiZkghklb ijbgbfZxlky f_ju ih \uy\e_gbx bgbpbZ lhjh\ gZf_qZ_fh]h k[hjbsZ b dhgljhex aZ jZa\blb_f kh[ulbc Q_j_a Z^ fbgbkljZpbx mdZaZgguo mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc ijh\h^blky jZ[hlZ ih ij_^hl \jZs_gbx ijh\_^_gby klm^_glZfb g_kZgdpbhgbjh\Zggh]h fblbg]Z

Khh[sZ_lky \ ihjy^d_ bgnhjfZpbb

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K 216–217.

338

IJBF?Q:GBY

1Kbfhgh\ DhgklZglbg FboZceh\bq –1979) – ibkZl_ev h[s_kl\_gguc ^_yl_ev =_jhc KhpbZebklbq_kdh]h Ljm^Z ]e j_^Zdlhj `mjgZeZ “Gh\uc fbj” (1946–1950, 1954–1958), “Ebl_jZlmjghc ]Za_lu” (1938, 1950– < ] aZ jhfZg-ljbeh]bx “@b \u_ b f_jl\u_” (1959– ijbkm`^_gZ E_gbgkdZy ij_fby < ] [ueb him[eb- dh\Zgu ^g_\gbdb \h_gguo e_l “=eZaZfb q_eh\_dZ fh_]h ihdhe_gby JZafure_gby h KlZ ebg_”.

2Ex[bfh\ Xjbc I_ljh\bq – j_`bkk_j b Zdl_j gZjh^guc Zjlbkl JN <

1964– ]] b k ]. – om^ jmdh\h^bl_ev Fhkdh\kdh]h l_ZljZ gZ LZ]Zgd_ < ]

ebr_g ]jZ`^Zgkl\Z KKKJ \ ] ]jZ`^Zgkl\h \hkklZgh\e_gh EZmj_Zl =hk ij_fbc KKKJ b JN

3LZjdh\kdbc :g^j_c :jk_gv_\bq (1932–1986) – dbghj_`bkk_j gZjh^guc Zjlbkl Jhkkbb (1980). Kug ihwlZ : : LZjdh\kdh]h IhklZ\be nbevfu “B\Zgh\h ^_lkl\h” (1962), “:g^j_c Jm[e_\” (1971), “Kheyjbk” (1972), “A_jdZeh” (1975), “KlZed_j” (1980), “GhklZev]by” (1983,

BlZeby “@_jl\hijbghr_gb_” R\_pby K ] `be aZ ]jZgbp_c < ] ih kf_jlgh ijbkm`^_gZ E_gbgkdZy ij_fby

4Fhbk__\ B]hjv :e_dkZg^jh\bq – [Ze_lf_ckl_j gZjh^guc Zjlbkl KKKJ (1953),

=_jhc KhpbZebklbq_kdh]h Ljm^Z k ] [_kkf_guc jmdh^bl_ev :gkZf[ey gZjh^

gh]h lZgpZ KKKJ EZmj_Zl E_gbgkdhc =hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_fbc KKKJ b Jhkkbckdhc N_^_ jZpbb

5<eZ^b Iheydh\Z-;Zc^Zjh\Z FZjbgZ – njZgpmakdZy ZdljbkZ KgbfZeZkv \ nbev fZo “I_j_^ ihlhihf” (1953), “>gb ex[\b” (1954), “Dhe^mgvy” (1956), “Ijb]h\hj” (1958), “Kh\j_f_ggZy bklhjby”, “Kx`_l ^ey g_[hevrh]h jZkkdZaZ” (1970), “Hgb \^\h_f” b ^jm]bo

6;jh^kdbc Bhkbn :e_dkZg^jh\bq –1996) – ihwl Z\lhj k[hjgbdh\ “Dhg_p ij_

djZkghc wihob”, “QZklv j_qb”, “MjZgby” wkk_ jZkkdZah\ iv_k i_j_\h^h\ < ] wfb]jb jh\Ze \ KR: EZmj_Zl Gh[_e_\kdhc ij_fbb ]

7=Zebq =bga[mj] :e_dkZg^j :jdZ^v_\bq –1977) – ihwl ^jZfZlmj] K gZqZeZ 1960-o ]] – ijbagZgb_ _]h i_k_g-gh\_ee k[ “Ba[jZggu_ klbohl\hj_gby” < wfb]jZ pbb k ]

8Kbgy\kdbc :g^j_c >hgZlh\bq (1925–1997) – ijhaZbd b djblbd Kh \lhjhc iheh\bgu

1950-o ]] ih^ ik_\^hgbfhf :[jZf L_jp gZqZe i_qZlZlv k\hb ijhba\_^_gby gZ AZiZ^_ – ih\_klb “Km^ b^_l” (1960), “Ex[bfh\” Ihke_ km^Z Kbgy\kdbc hlkb^_e \ dhehgbb r_klv e_l LZf gZibkZgu ljb dgb]b – “=hehk ba ohjZ”, “Ijh]medb k Imrdbguf”, “< l_gb =h]hey” Fhgh]jZnby h <Zkbebb JhaZgh\_ b jhfZg “Kihdhcghc ghqb” gZibkZgu b ba^Zgu

gZ AZiZ^_ < ]h^m k k_fv_c wfb]jbjh\Ze \h NjZgpbx ;ue ijhn_kkhjhf Khj[hggu ?]h `_gZ FZjby JhaZgh\Z – j_^Zdlhjhf b ba^Zl_e_f jmkkdh]h g_aZ\bkbfh]h `mjgZeZ

“KbglZdkbk”.

>Zgbwev Xebc FZjdh\bq (1925–1988) – ijhaZbd b ihwl-i_j_\h^qbd I_j\Zy ih\_klv “;_]kl\h” [ueZ aZij_s_gZ < gZqZe_ ] ih^ ik_\^hgbfhf GbdheZc :j`Zd \ KR: \ureb _]h ijhba\_^_gby “=h\hjbl Fhkd\Z” (1962), “Bkdmie_gb_” < ] Zj_klh\Zg hkm`^_g gZ iylv e_l eZ]_j_c \ ] khkeZg \ DZem]m < ] \ wfb]jZglkdhf

`mjgZe_ “=jZgb” gZi_qZlZgZ _]h eZ]_jgZy ihwfZ “: \ wlh \j_fy”.

9 Jhkljhih\bq FklbkeZ\ E_hihev^h\bq (1927) – \bhehgq_ebkl ^bjb`_j gZjh^guc Zj lbkl KKKJ K ] `b\_l \ KR: < ] ebr_g ]jZ`^Zgkl\Z KKKJ aZ ijZ\haZ sblgmx ^_yl_evghklv < ] ]jZ`^Zgkl\h \hkklZgh\e_gh EZmj_Zl =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ij_fbb KKKJ b JN (1991, 1995).

339