- •Донецьк 2006
- •Integral calculus lecture no. 19. Primitive and indefinite integral
- •Point 1. Primitive
- •Properties of primitives
- •Point 2. Indefinite integral and its properties
- •Point 3. Integration by substitution (change of a variable)
- •Point 4. Integration by parts
- •Lecture no.20. Classes of integrable functions
- •Point 1. Rational functions (rational fractions)
- •Point 2. Trigonometric functions
- •Universal trigonometrical substitution
- •Other substitutions
- •Point 3. Irrational functions
- •Quadratic irrationalities. Trigonometric substitutions
- •Quadratic irrationalities (general case)
- •Indefinite integral: Basic Terminology
- •Lecture no. 21. Definite integral
- •Point 1. Problems leading to the concept ofa definite integral
- •Point 2. Definite integral
- •Point 3. Properties of a definite integral
- •I ntegration of inequalities
- •Point 4. Definite integral as a function of its upper variable limit
- •Point 5. Newton-leibniz formula
- •Point 6. Main methods of evaluation a definite integral Change of a variable (substitution method)
- •Integration by parts
- •Lecture no.22. Applications of definite integral
- •Point 1. Problem – solving schemes. Areas
- •Additional remarks about the areas of plane figures
- •Point 2. Arс length
- •Point 3. Volumes
- •Volume of a body with known areas of its parallel cross-sections
- •Volume of a body of rotation
- •Point 4. Economic applications
- •Lecture no. 23. Definite integral: additional questions
- •Point 1. Approximate integration
- •Rectangular Formulas
- •Trapezium Formula
- •Simpson10 formula (parabolic formula)
- •Point 2. Improper integrals
- •Improper integrals of the first kind
- •Improper integrals of the second kind
- •Convergence tests
- •Point 3. Euler г- function
- •Definite integral: Basic Terminology
- •Lecture no. 24. Double integral
- •Point 1. Double integral
- •Point 2. Evaluation of a double integral in cartesian coordinates
- •Point 3. Improper double integrals. Poisson formula
- •Point 4. Double integral in polar coordinates
- •Double integral: Basic Terminology
- •Differential equations lecture no.25. First and second order differential equations
- •Point 1. General notions
- •Point 2. Integrable types of the first order differential equations (of de - 1)
- •1. Separated de-1 (de-1 with separated variables)
- •2. Separable de-1 (de-1 with separable variables)
- •3. Homogeneous de-1
- •4. Linear de-1
- •5. Bernoulli de-1
- •Point 3. Order reducing second order differential equations
- •Lecture no.26. Second order linear differential equations
- •Point 1. General notions
- •Point 2. Linear dependence and independence
- •Point 3. Homogeneous equations Structure of the general solution of so lhde
- •So lhde with constant coefficients
- •Point 4. Nonhomogeneous equations Structure of the general solution of so lnde
- •Method of variation of arbitrary constants
- •Method of undetermined coefficients for so lnde with constant coefficients
- •Lecture no. 27. Systems of differential equations. Approximate integration of differential equations
- •Point 1. Normal systems of differential equations
- •Point 2. Approximate integration of differential equations Successive approximations method
- •Euler method
- •Differential equations: Basic Terminology
- •Bibliography textbooks
- •Problem books
- •Contents
Point 2. Trigonometric functions
In this point we study the methods of integration of a rational function
( 2 )
or two arguments , .
Universal trigonometrical substitution
Theorem 3. Integration of a function (2) always reduces to that of a rational function of one variable t with the help of so-called universal trigonometrical substitution (UTS)
( 3 )
■On the base of (3) we have
,
,
.
Therefore,
, ( 4 )
and
,
where a function of the argument t
is a rational one■
Ex. 6.
Ex. 7. Direct evaluation of the integral with the help of UTS of the form leads to complicated integral (verify!). We’ll reduce it to the integral of preceding example by changing a variable, namely
.
Ex. 8.
Other substitutions
I. If a function (2) is odd with respect to ,
( 5 )
then it can be transformed to the next form:
,
where is a rational function of one variable . Substitution
( 6 )
reduces integration of the given function to that of a rational function of t.
II. If a function (2) is odd with respect to ,
, ( 7 )
one can bring it to the form
( is a rational function of ) and apply the substitution
( 8 )
III. If a function (2) is even with respect both to and
( 9 )
it’s transformable into a rational function of ,
,
and can be integrated with the help of one of substitutions
( 10 )
Ex. 9. Calculate the indefinite integral .
The integrand is odd function with respect to , because of
,
and so
.
Ex. 10.
.
Ex. 11. Find the indefinite integral .
Ex. 12. Calculate the indefinite integral .
The integrand is even function with respect both to and . So
Note 1. Substitutions of this point can be applicable to some irrational functions of and .
Ex. 13. Evaluate the indefinite integral .
Ex. 14. For positive
.
Some other methods
a) Application of power reduction formulas
, ( 11 )
Ex. 15. .
Ex. 16.
.
Ex. 17.
.
b) Application of product formulas
1) ; 2) ; 3) ( 12 )
Ex. 18.
.