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Traffic Pollution

The main problems associated with road transport in both Britain and the US are traffic congestion and pollution. It is predicted that the number of cars on British roads will increase by a third within a few years, making both these problems worse. The British government would like more people to use public transport, but so far they have had little success in persuading people to give up their cars or to share rides with neighbours. Most people say that public transport is simply not good enough. Americans too have resisted government requests to share cars because it is less convenient and restricts their freedom. Petrol is relatively cheap in the US and outside the major cities public transport is bad, so they see no reason to use their cars less.

Despite the use of unleaded petrol, exhaust emissions (= gases) from vehicles still cause air pollution which can have serious effects on health. The US was the first nation to require cars to be fitted with catalytic converters (= devices that reduce the amount of dangerous gases given off). Emissions are required to be below a certain level, and devices have been developed to check at the roadside that vehicles meet the requirement. Stricter controls are also being applied to lorries. Car manufacturers are now developing electric cars which will cause less pollution.

The cheapest and most environmentally-friendly ways to travel are to walk or ride a bicycle. In Oxford and Cambridge bicycles are common, and many other cities now have special cycle routes or cycle lanes beside the main road. Elsewhere, there are so many cars on the roads that cycling can be dangerous. In the US bicycles are used mostly for fun or sport.

Taken from OXFORD Guide to British and American Culture

Затверджено на засіданні циклової комісії

Протокол №____ від «____» ___________ 2012 р.

Голова комісії ____________ Клаусніцер В.О. Екзаменатор _________ Калмиш Ю. Ф.

ЕКОНОМІКО-ПРАВНИЧИЙ КОЛЕДЖ

ДЕРЖАВНОГО ВИЩОГО НАВЧАЛЬНОГО ЗАКЛАДУ

«ЗАПОРІЗЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ»

МІНІСТЕРСТВА ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ

Спеціальності :5.03040101 «Правознавство» 5.14010301 «Організація туристичного обслуговування»,5.03050801 «Фінанси і кредит»,5.03050901 «Бухгалтерський облік», 5.03060101 «Організація виробництва», 5.05010301 «Розробка програмного забезпечення», 5.01020101 «Фізичне виховання», 5.13010201 «Соціальна робота», 5.03030301 « Видавнича справа та редагування»

2011 -2012 н.р.

ЕКЗАМЕНАЦІЙНИЙ БІЛЕТ № 21

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Ukrainian-Canadian Cooking

Ukrainian settlers from Galicia and Bukovyna arrived in Canada in the late 1890's. Many of the ingredients they had been used to cooking with (such as wheat, flour, barley, rye, cabbage, and root vegetables) could be grown in their new land, but others could not. Although the parklands of the Prairie Provinces were fertile, they were also much further north and higher in altitude than the settlers' old homeland, and the growing season was, consequently much shorter.

The settlers adapted to local conditions, substituting available ingredients for those not obtainable. Dried fruit such as prunes and raisins were used instead of fresh; short-season vegetables such as tomatoes and peppers were incorporated into recipes. Meat such as turkey, goose, duck, and local species of fish were originally used in substitution for pork, as there were initially few pork producers; later on, the immense amount of beef available on the Western Canadian (and especially the Alberta) market and its correspondingly low price meant that Ukrainian cooks were more likely, to cook with beef than with pork or, It; especially, lamb.

These changes are evidenced in the Ukrainian-Canadian cuisine. Cabbage rolls or holubtsi may be made from parboiled or from pickled cabbage leaves, but the most common filling is a mixture of ground beef and rice, with pork a less common substitute. The rolls are often cooked in a tomato sauce which maybe flavored with peppers. Desserts are less likely to be made primarily from ground nuts, and may instead be made from plain flour.

Ukrainian sausage (known as 'kovbasa') is heavily seasoned with garlic and Hungarian paprika and is used both in home cooking, restaurant cooking, and even fast food.