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Traffic Pollution

The main problems associated with road transport in both Britain and the US are traffic congestion and pollution. It is predicted that the number of cars on British roads will increase by a third within a few years, making both these problems worse. The British government would like more people to use public transport, but so far they have had little success in persuading people to give up their cars or to share rides with neighbours. Most people say that public transport is simply not good enough. Americans too have resisted government requests to share cars because it is less convenient and restricts their freedom. Petrol is relatively cheap in the US and outside the major cities public transport is bad, so they see no reason to use their cars less.

Despite the use of unleaded petrol, exhaust emissions (= gases) from vehicles still cause air pollution which can have serious effects on health. The US was the first nation to require cars to be fitted with catalytic converters (= devices that reduce the amount of dangerous gases given off). Emissions are required to be below a certain level, and devices have been developed to check at the roadside that vehicles meet the requirement. Stricter controls are also being applied to lorries. Car manufacturers are now developing electric cars which will cause less pollution.

The cheapest and most environmentally-friendly ways to travel are to walk or ride a bicycle. In Oxford and Cambridge bicycles are common, and many other cities now have special cycle routes or cycle lanes beside the main road. Elsewhere, there are so many cars on the roads that cycling can be dangerous. In the US bicycles are used mostly for fun or sport.

Затверджено на засіданні циклової комісії

Протокол №____ від «____» ___________ 2012 р.

Голова комісії ____________ Клаусніцер В.О. Екзаменатор _________ Калмиш Ю. Ф.

ЕКОНОМІКО-ПРАВНИЧИЙ КОЛЕДЖ

ДЕРЖАВНОГО ВИЩОГО НАВЧАЛЬНОГО ЗАКЛАДУ

«ЗАПОРІЗЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ»

МІНІСТЕРСТВА ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ

Спеціальності :5.03040101 «Правознавство» 5.14010301 «Організація туристичного обслуговування»,5.03050801 «Фінанси і кредит»,5.03050901 «Бухгалтерський облік», 5.03060101 «Організація виробництва», 5.05010301 «Розробка програмного забезпечення», 5.01020101 «Фізичне виховання», 5.13010201 «Соціальна робота», 5.03030301 « Видавнича справа та редагування»

2011 -2012 н.р.

ЕКЗАМЕНАЦІЙНИЙ БІЛЕТ № 24

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Chocolate

Chocolate - there's nothing quite like it, is there? Chocolate IS simply delicious. What is chocolate? Where does it come from?

Christopher Columbus was probably the first to take cacao beans from the New World

to Europe in around 1502. But the history of chocolate goes back at least 4,000 years! The

Aztecs, who lived in America, thought that their bitter cacao drink was a divine gift from heaven. In fact, the scientist Carolus Linnaeus named the plant Theobroma, which means "food of the gods."

The Spanish explorer Hernando Cortez went to America in 1519. He visited the Mexican emperor Montezuma. He saw that Montezuma drank cacao mixed with vanilla and spices. Cortez took some cacao home as a gift to the Spanish King Charles. In Spain, people began to drink Cortez's chocolate in a drink with chili peppers. However, the natural taste of cocoa was too bitter for most people. To sweeten the drink, Europeans added sugar to the cacao drink. As sweet drink, it became more popular. By the 17th century, rich people in Europe were drinking it.

Later, people started using chocolate in pastries, like pies and cakes. In 1828, Dutch chocolate makers started using a new process for removing the fat from cacao beans, and getting to the centre of the cacao bean. The Dutch chocolate maker Conrad J. van Houten made a machine that pressed the fat from the bean. The resulting powder mixed better with water than cacao did. Now, some call van Houten's chocolate "Dutch chocolate."

Chocolate is a popular holiday gift. A popular Valentine's Day gift is a box of chocolate candies with a card and flowers. Chocolate is sometimes given for Christmas and birthdays. Chocolate eggs are sometimes given at Easter.

Затверджено на засіданні циклової комісії

Протокол №____ від «____» ___________ 2012 р.

Голова комісії ____________ Клаусніцер В.О. Екзаменатор _________ Калмиш Ю. Ф.