Пояснения к тексту

1. fiscal and monetary policies being the major factors- причём бюджетно – налоговая и кредитно-денежная политика являются основными факторами.

2. If an economic system is to perform well- для того, чтобы экономическая система функционировала успешно.

8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the most efficient economic system ? Why?

2. What is the price determined by?

3. What does the allocation of resources reflect?

4. Why is competition an important force of the market?

5. What do business compete for?

6. What determines the economic environment?

ВАРИАНТ 2

ЗАДАНИЯ:

1. Определите функции (-е) s (образец выполнения см. вариант 1).

1. One feature of markets with few sellers is that prices are often stable.

2. Today’s trends in technology and manufacturing are complex and difficult to forecast.

3. Competition refers to the nature of the conditions under which individuals may trade property rights.

2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод конструкции there is/are (was/were).

1. During the decade of the 1980, there was a net growth of seven million new businesses in the United States.

2. There is no clear answer regarding the degree to which multinational companies should decentralize their decision making.

3. In 1970 as the economic crises developed there were widespread layoffs in some financial and service industries.

3. Спишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог.

1. Enterprises are divided into various categories according to the probability of their regaining economic viability.

2. By the beginning of the 18-th century, the subject had lost most of its theological overtones and had taken shape as an academic discipline, largely as a branch of political theory dealing with problems of government intervention in economic affairs.

3. Marketing research is requiring the knowledge of economists, operations researchers, phychologists, and statisticians.

4. Образуйте три степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных:

regular, high necessary, cheap.

5. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. The population and the labour force have moved from farms to cities.

2. The government provides many kinds of help to business and individuals.

3. U.S. global economic policies have changed direction from the early days of nation.

6.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод существительного в качестве определения к другому существительному.

1) A common response is the creation of product line groups or divisions with a considerable degree of decentralization of decision making.

2) Central Asia, in order to avoid the fate of being raw material appendage of advanced countries, must formulate some general rules of cooperation with “rich” states.

3) Market research firms can also be used for the purpose of analysis.

7. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Market and Command Economies.

1. Economics is a science that analyzes what, how, and for whom society produces. The central economic problem is to reconcile the conflict between people’s unlimited demands with society’s ability to produce goods and services.

2. In industrial Western countries markets are to allocate resources. The market is the process by which production and consumption are coordinated through prices.

3. In a command economy, a central planning office makes decisions on what, how, and for whom to produce. Economy cannot rely entirely on command, but there was extensive planning in many Soviet block countries.

4. A free market economy has no government intervention. Resources are allocated entirely through markets.

5. Modern economies in the West are mixed and rely mainly on the market but with a large dose of government intervention. The optimal level of government intervention remains a problem which is of interest to economists.

6.The degree of government restrictions differs greatly between countries that have command economies and countries that have free market economies. In the former, resources are allocated by central government planning. In the latter, there is not any government regulation of the consumption , production, and exchange of goods. Between the two main types lies the mixed economy where market and government are both of importance.

8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the central economic problem of a society?

2. What is the market?

3. What is function of the market in an industrial country?

4. How are decisions made in a command economy?

5. In what way does a free market economy differ from a command economy?

6. To which type do most economies in the West belong?