7. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Types of Budget Classification

1. A system of budget classification enables the government to facilitate the analysis of the impact, nature, and composition of revenues, expenditures, and other financing activities of government . On the revenue, taxes are classified by the type of activity on which the tax is levied (income, sales, property and so on). Other current non-tax revenues are classified by the nature of the inflow, such as income from government property, sales proceeds, fines, and donations. Capital revenues are classified by the type of asset sold.

2. On the expenditure, outlays are frequently classified by the responsible institution , or organization. The two most useful types of classifications of government expenditures are the functional classification and the economic classification.

3. In functional classification, expenditures (and lending) are classified according to the main purpose or function, such as defense, education, and health. The value of functional classifications is that they permit analysis of trends in government expenditures even when the organizational structure of government changes.

4. The economic classification groups expenditures into current and capital and by whether they are requited or unrequited; if requited, for what kind of goods and services, and if unrequited, by the type of person or institution receiving the payment. The objective is to show the kinds of transactions through which the government performs its functions and their impact on markets, financial conditions, and the distribution of income.

5. One of the most useful ways to analyze government outlays is by means of a cross-classification by economic character and function. This classification reveals the means by which government performs its functions and the impact these activities will have on the rest of the economy.

8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. How are taxes classified?

2. Which types of classifications of government expenditures do you know?

3. How are expenditures classified in functional classification?

4. What is the value of functional classifications?

5. What is the most useful way to analyze government outlays?

Вариант 5

ЗАДАНИЯ:

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в них инфинитив. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Efforts to increase the productive capacity of the poorer nations will only be effective if these nations are able to increase their exports.

2. To encourage our employers to develop their skills is one of the prime concerns of management.

3. The economic growth is too slow now to expect a rapid increase in demand and supply.

4. Two ways to maintain the rate of profit are to advance technology and productivity, and to increase the exploitation of labour.

2. Перепешите и переведите следующие предлжения, обращая внимание на объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты (сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее).

1. Private-sector producers consider profitability to be the most essential condition of their business.

2. The limit to output is most likely to be determined by the quantity of capital units.

3. Economists say demand for non-essential goods to be particularly inelastic.

4. The balance is most likely to swing towards installing additional capacity under the following circumstances.

3. Перепешите следующие предложения; подчеркните Paticiple I и ParticipleII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции причастий.

1. Faced with the growing size of their enterprises, many companies have responded by decentralizing management of domestic as well as international business.

2. The increase of import duties on food products imposed on July could also push inflation.

3. This is explained ,on the one hand, by the increasing flow of capital into the sector of corporative securities.

4. Granted that economic decisions are centrally planned, should such decisions be guided by economic indices based on market prices?

4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастных оборотов.

1. Interest rate being the opportunity cost of holding money, higher inflation reduces the demand for real money.

2. Confidence in Britain’s future can be restored, with prices pegged and production planned.

3. In modern society, its elaborate and costly technique , and productive processes conducted with intricate specialization and mechanization it is impossible that every man could run his own productive process.

4. Building societies now issuing cheque books to their depositors, it is difficult to decide which intermediaries (посредник) are banks.

5. Перепешите следующие предложения; подчеркните герундий. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции герундия.

1. There were deficits in 1930s, without bringing about a real recovery.

2. Investing money in new technologies usually increase the production efficiency.

3. Repeated devaluation can only result in other countries completely losing confidence in a currency.