- •The verb
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Classification of Verbs
- •§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Indefinite
- •In demonstrations, instructions, commentaries and itineraries.
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Continuous
- •An action in progress
- •A temporary characteristic of a person
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect
- •A series of actions which have happened up to now and can be continued
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which began in the past and is still in progress
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Indefinite
- •An action performed in the past
- •A general characteristic of a person in the past
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past or a past state
- •A succession of past actions
- •A repeated action in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the past
- •An action prior to another past action
- •An action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite
- •A future action or an official arrangement
- •A prediction based on our opinion or past experience
- •A polite inquiry
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the future
- •A fixed arrangement seen as a part of routine
- •An anticipated future action
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice
- •§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian
- •Combinations of the verb бути with the Past Participle Passive
- •§ 4. The Use of the Passive Voice
- •Informal English
- •Formal notices and announcements
- •Press reports
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 3. The Exceptions to the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes
- •§ 3. Indirect Statements
- •§ 4. Indirect Questions
- •§ 5. Indirect Orders and Requests
- •§ 6. Indirect Offers, Suggestions and Advice
- •§ 7. Indirect Exclamations
- •§ 8. Greetings and Leave-taking
- •§ 9. Modal Verbs
- •§ 10. The Subjunctive Mood in Indirect Speech
- •Exercises the verb
- •The present indefinite
- •The present continuous
- •The present perfect
- •The present perfect continuous
- •The past indefinite
- •The past continuous
- •The past perfect
- •The past perfect continuous
- •The future tenses
- •The passive voice
- •The sequence of tenses direct and indirect speech
- •Revision exercises
- •The table of irregular verbs
- •Bibliography
§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes
TENSE CHANGES
If the verb of the principal clause is in the past tense, the tenses are changed according to the rules of the sequence of tenses.
DIRECT SPEECH |
INDIRECT SPEECH |
The Present Indefinite She said, ‘We often write letters.’ |
The Past Indefinite She said they often wrote letters. |
The Present Continuous She said, ‘We are writing the letter now.’ |
The Past Continuous She said they were writing the letter then. |
The Present Perfect She said, ‘We have written the letter already.’ |
The Past Perfect She said they had written the letter by that time. |
The Present Perfect Continuous She said, ‘We have been writing the letter for an hour.’ |
The Past Perfect Continuous She said they had been writing the letter for an hour. |
The Past Indefinite She said, ‘We wrote the letter yesterday.’ |
The Past Perfect She said they had written the letter the day before. |
The Past Continuous She said, ‘We were writing the letter.’ |
remains unchanged or the Past Perfect Continuous She said were (had been) writing the letter. |
The Past Perfect She said, ‘We had written the letter by that time.’ |
remains unchanged She said they had written the letter by that time. |
The Past Perfect Continuous She said, ‘We had been writing the letter for an hour by that time.’ |
remains unchanged She said they had been writing the letter for an hour by that time. |
The Future Indefinite She said, ‘We will write the letter tomorrow.’ |
The Future Indefinite in the Past She said they would write the letter the next day. |
The Future Continuous She said, ‘We will be writing the letter at 5 tomorrow.’ |
The Future Continuous in the Past She said they would be writing the letter at 5 next day. |
The Future Perfect She said, ‘We will have written the letter by that time.’ |
The Future Perfect in the Past She said they would have written the letter by that time. |
The Future Perfect Continuous She said, ‘We will have been writing the letter for an hour by that time.’ |
The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past She said they would have been writing the letter for an hour by that time. |
TIME CHANGES
DIRECT SPEECH |
INDIRECT SPEECH |
now, at this moment, at present |
then, at that time |
today |
that day |
yesterday |
the day before, on the previous day |
ago |
before |
last |
the last…, the previous… |
the day before yesterday |
two days before |
tomorrow |
the next day, the day after, the following day |
tonight |
that night |
next |
the next… |
the day after tomorrow |
in two days (time), two days later |
PRONOUN CHANGES
DIRECT SPEECH |
INDIRECT SPEECH |
I/you |
he/she |
we |
they |
me/you |
him/her |
us |
them |
my/your |
his/her |
mine/yours |
his/hers |
our |
their |
ours |
theirs |
myself/yourself |
himself/herself |
yourselves |
themselves |
PLACE CHANGES
DIRECT SPEECH |
INDIRECT SPEECH |
here |
there |
this place |
that place |
this/these |
that/those |