The present perfect

Exercise 16.

Form Participle II from the following infinitives. Comment on the spelling changes.

Model. to work – worked	We add the ending -ED according to the general rule.
to beat – beaten	We form Participle II from the infinitive of the irregular verb by adding the ending -EN.
to play – played	We don’t change the final -Y because it comes after the vowel.

to say, to cost, to be, to supply, to read, to discuss, to pay, to write, to load, to speak, to do, to talk, to have, to give, to panic, to study, to refer, to pop, to offer, to appear.

Exercise 17.

(a) Make the following sentences negative and interrogative. Comment on the way of forming.

Model. He has written the letter already.	He has not written the letter yet.
	Has he written the letter already?
In the negative sentence we place the negative particle NOT after the auxiliary verb TO HAVE (has for the 3rd person singular).
In the interrogative sentence we place the auxiliary verb TO HAVE (has for the 3rd person singular) before the subject.

1. He’s been ill for two weeks.

2. I’ve seen him twice this month.

3. We’ve just translated the article.

4. She has always loved music.

5. They’ve read the book at last.

6. I’ve been here for an hour.

7. Jenny has been to Hamburg three times.

8. He’s just come back.

9. I’ve met him recently.

10. They have been friends since 2007.

(b) Put questions to the words in bold type.

1. They have completed the task.

2. He’s just locked the door.

3. Sue has been on sick leave for a week.

4. I’ve seen this film three times.

5. My friend has stayed in San Francisco since April.

6. Our athlete has broken the world record.

7. She has posted the letter already.

8. Johnson has made 20 films so far.

9. Mary has been his best friend for many years.

10. He’s passed his English.

(c) Ask all possible questions.

Our teacher has explained the grammar rule to us twice.

Exercise 18.

Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian and comment on the use of the Present Perfect.

Model. He has written the letter already.

Він вже написав листа.

has written is the form of the Present Perfect Active which denotes a completed action connected with the present. The adverbial already expresses the connection with the present.

1. He has had no further involvement in the operation of that business since 1995.

2. This is the biggest thing the world has ever known.

3. Whether you are a first time visitor, or have come to Britain many times before, we hope that you find BITOA’s (the British Incoming Tour Operators Association) Official Visitor Guide helpful and informative and that you will take it home with you as a memento of your visit.

4. ‘I am so glad you have come’, cried the daisy. ‘You have been away such a long time’.

5. I’ve lived in the theatre since I was a kid just out of a board school, and what I don’t know about acting isn’t worth knowing.

6. There have been more terrorist incidents around the world in the last months than any time in recent history.

7. The Fairy Queen has given permission to me to tell you and you alone.

8. And ever since that time the daisies’ petals have been just tinged with pink.

9. He admires you tremendously. He’s been to see the play three times.

10. I think when you’ve finished your coffee, young man, we ought to be going.

Exercise 19.

Fill in the gaps with the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect. Comment on their use.

1. She always … (to love) ballet.

2. I … (to be) in Lisbon for a week. It’s a pity but I am leaving today.

3. He just … (to do) Exercise 18 and now he … (to do) Exercise 19.

4. We will go home only after we … (to print) all the documents.

5. Usually I … (to see) her every day, but today I … (not to see) her yet.

6. Oh, sorry, I can’t come at 7. I … (to see) Deborah at this time.

7. I … (to be) in Los Angeles for a week. I am going to see as much as I can.

8. ‘you … (to take) the exam next Wednesday?’ ‘No, I already … (to pass) it.’

9. As a rule I … (to start) doing my homework at 6 in the evening. I already … (to learn) the dialogue. Now I … (to translate) Text B.

10. ‘you … (to read) the book?’ ‘Sorry, I still … (to read) it.’

Exercise 20.

Translate the following sentences into English using the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect. Comment on their use.

1. Що сталося? Чому ти зупинився?

2. Вона шукає роботу, але ще її не знайшла.

3. Я ще ніколи не була за кордоном. Наступного літа я їду до Великої Британії.

4. Ми не спізнилися. Наш поїзд ще не прибув. Ось він їде.

5. Де ти був весь цей час? Я тут ще з 8-ої години.

6. Коли він зазвичай повертається? – О 10-й. Ми чекаємо на нього, але він ще не прийшов.

7. Ви довго знаєте один одного? – Так. І ми все ще добрі друзі.

8. Це вперше, коли я побачила як танцює Пол.

9. Я впізнаю цей вірш, коли почую перший рядок.

10. Ти коли-небудь був в Ірландії? – Ні, ніколи. Та мій брат відвідує Дублін кожної весни. Ми поїдемо туди разом в березні.