- •The verb
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Classification of Verbs
- •§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Indefinite
- •In demonstrations, instructions, commentaries and itineraries.
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Continuous
- •An action in progress
- •A temporary characteristic of a person
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect
- •A series of actions which have happened up to now and can be continued
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which began in the past and is still in progress
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Indefinite
- •An action performed in the past
- •A general characteristic of a person in the past
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past or a past state
- •A succession of past actions
- •A repeated action in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the past
- •An action prior to another past action
- •An action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite
- •A future action or an official arrangement
- •A prediction based on our opinion or past experience
- •A polite inquiry
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the future
- •A fixed arrangement seen as a part of routine
- •An anticipated future action
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice
- •§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian
- •Combinations of the verb бути with the Past Participle Passive
- •§ 4. The Use of the Passive Voice
- •Informal English
- •Formal notices and announcements
- •Press reports
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 3. The Exceptions to the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes
- •§ 3. Indirect Statements
- •§ 4. Indirect Questions
- •§ 5. Indirect Orders and Requests
- •§ 6. Indirect Offers, Suggestions and Advice
- •§ 7. Indirect Exclamations
- •§ 8. Greetings and Leave-taking
- •§ 9. Modal Verbs
- •§ 10. The Subjunctive Mood in Indirect Speech
- •Exercises the verb
- •The present indefinite
- •The present continuous
- •The present perfect
- •The present perfect continuous
- •The past indefinite
- •The past continuous
- •The past perfect
- •The past perfect continuous
- •The future tenses
- •The passive voice
- •The sequence of tenses direct and indirect speech
- •Revision exercises
- •The table of irregular verbs
- •Bibliography
§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
The English verb has the following grammatical categories:
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In modern English there are only few ways of expressing grammatical categories of person and number:
The ending -S/-ES in the 3rd person singular in the Present Indefinite Active.
E.g. She speaks good English.
The forms of the verb TO BE for different persons (singular and plural).
E.g. I am/was
He (she, it) is/was
We (you, they) are/were
NOTE 2. Some speakers (especially in the South of England) use SHALL for Future tenses in the 1st person singular and plural.
E.g. I shall speak to him tomorrow.
Tense is a grammatical category which denotes the time of the action or state.
Aspect is a grammatical category which shows the way in which the action develops.
The English language has two marked aspects: the progressive (continuous) aspect and the perfective aspect. TENSE as the correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time (past, present, or future) is combined with ASPECT as the way in which an action is experienced (in progress or completed). The only form which has no aspect characteristics is the Indefinite form.
E.g. |
am/is/are reading |
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was/were reading |
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I |
will be reading |
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We |
would be reading |
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You |
have/has been reading |
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He |
had been reading |
the book. |
She |
will have been reading |
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It |
would have been reading |
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They |
have/has read |
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had read |
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will have read |
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would have read |
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Voice is a grammatical category which shows the relation of the predicate to the subject and the object. There are two voices in Modern English:
the Active Voice
the Passive Voice
The Active Voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject is a doer of the action expressed by the predicate.
E.g. I wrote a letter yesterday.
The Passive Voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject is acted upon.
E.g. The letter was written (by me) yesterday.
Mood is a grammatical category which shows the speaker’s attitude to the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. In Modern English there are three moods:
the Indicative Mood
the Imperative Mood
the Subjunctive Mood
The Indicative Mood presents actions and states as facts.
E.g. He bought some bread yesterday.
The Imperative Mood expresses orders, commands or requests.
E.g. Buy some bread.
The Subjunctive Mood presents actions and states as non-facts, as something imaginary or desired.
E.g. He would buy some bread if he had money.
He would have bought some bread yesterday if he had had money.
TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE |
THE PRESENT TENSES |
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THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE |
(THE PRESENT SIMPLE) |