- •The verb
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Classification of Verbs
- •§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Indefinite
- •In demonstrations, instructions, commentaries and itineraries.
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Continuous
- •An action in progress
- •A temporary characteristic of a person
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect
- •A series of actions which have happened up to now and can be continued
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which began in the past and is still in progress
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Indefinite
- •An action performed in the past
- •A general characteristic of a person in the past
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past or a past state
- •A succession of past actions
- •A repeated action in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the past
- •An action prior to another past action
- •An action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite
- •A future action or an official arrangement
- •A prediction based on our opinion or past experience
- •A polite inquiry
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the future
- •A fixed arrangement seen as a part of routine
- •An anticipated future action
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice
- •§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian
- •Combinations of the verb бути with the Past Participle Passive
- •§ 4. The Use of the Passive Voice
- •Informal English
- •Formal notices and announcements
- •Press reports
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 3. The Exceptions to the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes
- •§ 3. Indirect Statements
- •§ 4. Indirect Questions
- •§ 5. Indirect Orders and Requests
- •§ 6. Indirect Offers, Suggestions and Advice
- •§ 7. Indirect Exclamations
- •§ 8. Greetings and Leave-taking
- •§ 9. Modal Verbs
- •§ 10. The Subjunctive Mood in Indirect Speech
- •Exercises the verb
- •The present indefinite
- •The present continuous
- •The present perfect
- •The present perfect continuous
- •The past indefinite
- •The past continuous
- •The past perfect
- •The past perfect continuous
- •The future tenses
- •The passive voice
- •The sequence of tenses direct and indirect speech
- •Revision exercises
- •The table of irregular verbs
- •Bibliography
§ 3. Indirect Statements
To report statements we usually use the following reporting verbs: add that, admit, affirm that, agree, announce, answer that, claim, complain, conclude, confess, confirm that, consider, decide, declare, deny, disagree that, dream that, emphasize that, exclaim that, expect, explain, hope, notice, observe that, point out, promise, regret, remark, repeat that, reply that, respond that, say, shout that, suggest, suppose, tell, etc.
-
EXACT WORDS
INDIRECT SPEECH
E.g. OK, I’ll do it.
He said (that) he would it.
He agreed to do it.
NOTE 3. Both say and tell are used to introduce indirect statements. Tell is always followed by the object (to tell sb (that)…). Say can be used with the object (to say to sb) or without it (to say (that)…). If we need to mention the person addressed (object), to tell sb is more preferable than to say to sb which is characteristic of direct speech in writing.
E.g. He told me (that) he had seen her before.
He said (that) he had seen her before.
§ 4. Indirect Questions
To report indirect questions we use the following verbs and expressions: to ask, to inquire/enquire, to want to know, to wonder (= to ask oneself/ves), etc.
General Questions
Indirect general questions are introduced by the conjunctions if and whether (more formal). The word order is direct (…if/whether + subject + predicate). The auxiliary verbs do/does and did are not used.
DIRECT GENERAL QUESTIONS |
INDIRECT GENERAL QUESTIONS |
He asked, ‘Do you live in Uman?’ |
He asked if she lived in Uman. |
He asked, ‘Did you see him yesterday?’ |
He asked if she had seen him the day before. |
He asked, ‘Are you a student?’ |
He asked if she was a student. |
Negative questions often express surprise or enthusiasm and are mostly reported by emotionally coloured words.
DIRECT GENERAL QUESTIONS |
INDIRECT GENERAL QUESTIONS |
He asked, ‘Don’t you like ice-cream?’ |
He was surprised that she didn’t like ice-cream. |
‘Isn’t she lovely!’ he exclaimed. |
He was exited by the girl’s beauty. |
|
He remarked how lovely the girl was. |
‘Isn’t that stupid?’ |
She complained that it was stupid. |
Special Questions
Indirect special questions are introduced by the same pronouns that introduce direct special questions. The word order is direct (…who/what/where + subject + predicate). The auxiliary verbs do/does and did are not used.
DIRECT SPECIAL QUESTIONS |
INDIRECT SPECIAL QUESTIONS |
He asked, ‘Where do you live?’ |
He asked where she lived. |
He asked, ‘When did you see him?’ |
He asked when she had seen him. |
He asked, ‘Who is she?’ |
He asked who she was/who was she. |
Disjunctive Questions
Indirect disjunctive questions are introduced by the conjunctions if and whether (more formal). The word order is direct (…if/whether + subject + predicate). The auxiliary verbs do/does and did are not used.
DIRECT DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS |
INDIRECT DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS |
He asked, ‘You live in Uman, don’t you?’ |
He asked if she lived in Uman. |
He asked, ‘You didn’t see him yesterday, did you?’ |
He asked if she had seen him the day before. |
He asked, ‘You are a student, aren’t you?’ |
He asked if she was a student. |
Alternative Questions
Indirect alternative questions are introduced by the conjunctions if and whether (more formal). The word order is direct (…if/whether + subject + predicate + or …). The auxiliary verbs do/does and did are not used.
DIRECT ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS |
INDIRECT ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS |
He asked, ‘Do you live in Uman or in Kyiv?’ |
He asked if she lived in Uman or in Kyiv. |
He asked, ‘Did you see him or her yesterday?’ |
He asked if she had seen him or her the day before. |
He asked, ‘Are you a student or a teacher?’ |
He asked if she was a student or a teacher. |