- •The verb
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Classification of Verbs
- •§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Indefinite
- •In demonstrations, instructions, commentaries and itineraries.
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Continuous
- •An action in progress
- •A temporary characteristic of a person
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect
- •A series of actions which have happened up to now and can be continued
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which began in the past and is still in progress
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Indefinite
- •An action performed in the past
- •A general characteristic of a person in the past
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past or a past state
- •A succession of past actions
- •A repeated action in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the past
- •An action prior to another past action
- •An action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite
- •A future action or an official arrangement
- •A prediction based on our opinion or past experience
- •A polite inquiry
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the future
- •A fixed arrangement seen as a part of routine
- •An anticipated future action
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice
- •§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian
- •Combinations of the verb бути with the Past Participle Passive
- •§ 4. The Use of the Passive Voice
- •Informal English
- •Formal notices and announcements
- •Press reports
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 3. The Exceptions to the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes
- •§ 3. Indirect Statements
- •§ 4. Indirect Questions
- •§ 5. Indirect Orders and Requests
- •§ 6. Indirect Offers, Suggestions and Advice
- •§ 7. Indirect Exclamations
- •§ 8. Greetings and Leave-taking
- •§ 9. Modal Verbs
- •§ 10. The Subjunctive Mood in Indirect Speech
- •Exercises the verb
- •The present indefinite
- •The present continuous
- •The present perfect
- •The present perfect continuous
- •The past indefinite
- •The past continuous
- •The past perfect
- •The past perfect continuous
- •The future tenses
- •The passive voice
- •The sequence of tenses direct and indirect speech
- •Revision exercises
- •The table of irregular verbs
- •Bibliography
§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice
We form the Passive Voice by means of the auxiliary verb TO BE in the required tense form and Participle II of the main verb.
TO BE + PARTICIPLE II (Ved/V3) |
E.g. The book has been published already.
In negative sentences we place the negative particle NOT after the auxiliary verb TO BE or its first part.
E.g. The book has not been published yet.
In interrogative sentences (questions) we place the auxiliary verb TO BE or its first part before the subject.
E.g. Has the book been published yet?
In negative-interrogative sentences (negative questions) we place the auxiliary verb TO BE or its first part before the subject and the negative particle NOT after the subject. In informal English we place short negative forms before the subject.
E.g. Has the book not been published yet?
Hasn’t the book been published yet?
Why hasn’t the book been published yet?
Table. The Formation of the Passive Voice
|
INDEFINITE |
CONTINUOUS |
PERFECT |
PRESENT |
AM IS + Ved/V3 ARE |
AM IS BEING + Ved/V3 ARE |
HAVE BEEN + Ved/V3 HAS |
PAST |
WAS + Ved/V3 WERE |
WAS BEING + Ved/V3 WERE |
HAD BEEN + Ved/V3 |
FUTURE |
WILL BE + Ved/V3 |
|
WILL HAVE BEEN + Ved/V3 |
FUTURE in the PAST |
WOULD BE + Ved/V3 |
|
WOULD HAVE BEEN + Ved/V3 |
THE TENSES WHICH DO NOT HAVE PASSIVE FORMS |
The Future Continuous
The Future Continuous in the Past
The Present Perfect Continuous
The Past Perfect Continuous
The Future Perfect Continuous
The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
*The Future Continuous Active and the Future Continuous in the Past Active can be replaced by the Future Indefinite and the Future Indefinite in the Past Passive.
*The Present, Past, Future and Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Active can be replaced by the Present, Past, Future and Future Perfect in the Past Passive.
E.g. They will be discussing the film at 5 tomorrow. – The film will be discussed at 5 tomorrow.
He said they would be discussing the film at 5 next day. – He said the film would be discussed at 5 next day.
They have been discussing the film for an hour. – The film has been discussed for an hour.
They had been discussing the film for an hour when we came. – The film had been discussed for an hour when we came.
They will have been discussing the film for an hour when we come. – The film will have been discussed for an hour when we come.
He said they would have been discussing the film for an hour when we came. – He said the film would have been discussed for an hour when we came.
§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian
The passive verb forms are translated into Ukrainian by:
verbs ending in -СЯ(-СЬ)
E.g. Houses are built of stone.
Будинки будуються з каменю.
combinations of the verb БУТИ with verbal forms ending in -НО/-ТО
E.g. The house was built last year.
Будинок було збудовано минулого року.
The shop has just been closed.
Магазин щойно було закрито.