1. Complete the following sentences using words and expressions given below

1. Each programming language has its own unique and ... .

1. Necessity to write long series of instructions in the form of binary i makes machine language programming an

2. Assembler languages were developed to ... the difficulties in writing machine language programs.

3. Assembler allows the computer to ... instructions into machine inst­ructions.

4. Assembler language is machine ... .

5. High-level language programs require a ... amount of computer time for translation into machine instructions.

language rules syntax oriented greater reduce error-prone task convert

2. Fill in the prepositions if necessary

Java is a programming language originally developed ... Sun Microsystems and released ... 1995 as a core component of Sun's Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax ... C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to bitecode which can run ... any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless ... computer architecture.

The original and regerence implementation of Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were developed ... Sun from 1995. ... May 2007, in compliance ... the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun made available most of their Java technologies as free software ... the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed ... alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java and GNU Classpath.

3. Answer the questions

1. What is a machine code?

2. What can cause many errors?

3. What languages are called the first-generation languages?

4. Why are machine languages very tedious and exacting?

5. What does programming in machine languages require?

1. What makes machine language programming a difficult and error-prone task?

6. Why were assembler languages developed?

7. Why are they called symbolic languages?

8. What are advantages of assembler language?

10.What are disadvantages of assembler language?

11.What instructions do high-level languages use?

12.What are the advantages and disadvantages of high-level languages?

4. Read the text

Icon is a high-level programming language with extensive facilities for processing strings and structures. Icon has several novel features, including expressions that may produce sequences of results, goal-directed evaluation that automatically searches for a successful result, and string scanning that allows operations on strings to be formulated at a high conceptual level. Icon also provides high-level graphics facilities.

Icon emphasizes high-level string processing and a design philosophy that allows ease of programming and short, concise programs. Storage allocation and garbage collection are automatic in Icon, and there are few restrictions on the sizes of objects. Strings, lists, and other structures are created during program execution and their size does not need to be known when a program is written. Values are converted to expected types automatically; for example, numeral strings read in as input can be used in numerical computations without explicit conversion. Icon has an expression-based syntax with reserved words; in appearance, Icon programs resemble those of Pascal and C.

Although Icon has extensive facilities for processing strings and structures, it also has a full repertoire of computational facilities. It is suitable for a wide variety of applications. Some examples are:

• text analysis

• text editing

• document formatting

• artificial intelligence

• expert systems

• rapid prototyping

• symbolic mathematics

• text generation

• data laundry.