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GRAMMAR STUDY

The Gerund (Герундий)

Grammar and lexical exercises.

1.Образуйте герундий, выбрав соответствующие глаголы, данные ниже. Предложения переведите.

1.We began (изучать) foreign languages at school.

2.Before (поступление) the University the students may take a preliminary year’s course.

3.We know of his (участие) in the project.

4.After (окончание) school young people enter universities.

5.(Чтение) is his favourite occupation.

to read; to take part; to learn; to leave; to enter.

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2. Объясните значение слов, оканчивающихся на –ing и определите неличную форму глагола: причастие I или герундий.

Образец: the working motor (какой?) – работающий мотор (Participle I)

the working model (для чего?) – рабочая модель, модель для работы (Gerund)

1.a reading room a reading man

2.the boiling water the boiling point

3.a writing table

a writing student

3. Дайте возможные варианты перевода предложений с герундием в функции: а) подлежащего

1.Reading is pleasant and useful.

2.The student’s taking part in the research was a great help to the whole laboratory. b) сказуемого

1.Their aim is finding new ways in teaching of young people.

2.The talk of the school was giving the chance to get a higher education.

с) дополнения

1.The students like learning foreign languages.

2.My teacher is found of translating English books. d) определения

1.There are different ways of solving this problem.

2.We discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages.

e) обстоятельства

1.After saying this he left the room.

2.Before leaving for Cambridge he called on his friends.

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

регион, источник, граница, крепость, купцы, торговый центр, черные металлы, сельскохозяйственные продукты, транспортная сеть, развитый, месторождение, бурый уголь, горючий сланец, редкие металлы, известняк, природные источники, отходы, благородные металлы, химические продукты, мощности, трубопроводы, химический комплекс, уникальный, состав, энергетический источник, ценный, бензин, дизельное топливо, трубы, минеральные ресурсы, промышленная эксплуатация, важный, экономика.

5. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их: favourable geographical location

administrative centre position as a fortress leading producer well developed

in good combinations mineral raw materials

wastes accumulated by mines powerful fuel complex multycomponent composition oil processing industry

it should be noted

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6. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

7. Найдите в части B английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

A

1.большие запасы

2.местная нефть

3.практическое значение

4.месторождение полезных ископаемых

5.быть связанным с…

6.стабильный газоконденсат

7.машины

8.горючие минеральные ресурсы

9.каменная соль, яшма и мрамор

10.быть известным

11.возможность получения

12.нефтеперерабатывающие мощности.

B

1.to be connected with

2.machinery

3.mineral deposits

4.rock-salt, jasper and marble

5.large reserves

6.practical significance

7.the possibility of obtaining

8.to be famous for

9.oil processing capacities

10.stable gas condensate

11.local oil

12.combustible mineral resources

8. Составьте предложения из следующих слов:

1.it, the country, is, with, connected, the central, region.

2.the city, on the way, especially, position, gave, to Asia, for merchants, Orenburg, as a fortress, many privileges.

3.network, it, well-developed, has, transportation.

4.unique, large, operates, field, gas, chemical, Orenburg, complex, condensate.

5.piped, products, are, to, countries, these, many.

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1.The Orenburg region is one of Russia's leading producers of oil and gas.

2.It was a fortress in 1743.

3.The Orenburg's position gave the city many privileges.

4.It has a well-equipped power generating system.

5.The Orenburg oil processing industry produces a lot of products from crude oil.

15. Составьте план текста и краткую аннотацию текста, используя следующие разговорные формулы:

The subject of the text is… The text deals with…

It is pointed out that…

It is obvious that… To sum it up…

16. Составьте к тексту 10 вопросов разного типа, задайте их другим студентам и оцените правильность ответов.

17. Расскажите своим новым друзьям о регионе, используя разговорные формулы:

I'd like to say a few words about; to my mind; as is known; in other words; it is important to say that; as far as I know; broadly speaking; etc.

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Lesson Thirteen (The Thirteenth Lesson)

1.Text “The Enterprise “Gasprom production Orenburg””.

2.Words and word combinations.

3.Grammar: Imperative Mood (Повелительное наклонение глагола)

4.Grammar and lexical exercises.

5.Сообщение на тему: “Oil and Gas”.

Text “The Enterprise “Gasprom production Orenburg””.

Nature has given the Orenburg region various natural resources. Its depths contain copper, nickel, iron ore, asbestos, oil and gas. In the beginning of the oil and gas prospecting in Orenburg there was the pioneer of the Soviet oil geology, the academician I. M. Gubkin. In mid 30s he initiated geological exploration of the Volgo-Ural territory, within the site of the Orenburg region.

To develop and operate the Orenburg gas condensate field, in the March of 1968 the USSR ministry of gas industry produced a decree to establish the Department in order to develop and operate the gas field and construct the gas pipeline. It was the moment of creation of "Orenburggasprom", based on the unique gas condensate field that remains the largest one, not only in our country but abroad, too.

The Enterprise “Orenburggasprom” was established in 1968. The production of gas on an industrial scale was begun in 1974. "Gasprom production Orenburg" is a highly developed multiprofile enterprise which forms a part of Russian Joint Stock Company “Gasprom”.

In 1984 the Enterprise began an oil production from oil pools situated near the Orenburg field and a processing of gas and unstable condensate from the Karachaganak gas condensate field in Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Orenburg gas chemical complex was created on resources base of the Orenburg gas condensate field. It is the biggest in Europe in processing hydrogen sulfide.

Gas from the Orenburg gas condensate field is characterized by the presence of condensate, hydrogen sulphide and helium. By its composition it is a valuable raw material for processing.

The Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" represents: production, transportation and processing of residue and liquefied gas, ethane, solid and liquid sulphur, helium, stable gas condensate; maintenance of gas-engine vehicles, industrial and civil construction, agricultural works, scientific researches and design, consumer goods production and external economic activity.

The Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" is always open for mutually beneficial cooperation in a sphere of development of oil and gas resources, introduction of the latest technology and creation of new production branches.

The Enterprise works in close contact with oil and gas producing and processing companies. "Gasprom production Orenburg" is a stable economic leader among the most important enterprises of Russia.

Words and word combinations.

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Grammar and lexical exercises.

1. Сравните пары предложений, обращая внимание на порядок слов. Предложения переведите.

a) Утвердительная форма.

1.They sometimes learn new English words. Learn new English words every day.

2.The students define the pressure of the gas only in one tube. Let them define the pressure of all the experimental tubes.

3.We usually hang some drawings of gas processing on the flagboard. Let us hand the table of gas processing too.

4.I often do this experiment with our teacher’s help.

Let me do it myself now.

b)Отрицательная форма.

1.You usually don’t turn on the light in the daytime.

Don’t turn it on now.

2. We don’t fix this instrument during the experiments.

Don’t let’s (us) fix it now.

2. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в повелительное наклонение. Предложения переведите.

Образец:

1.(to define) and (to explain) the turns of this contract.

2.(to draw) a line and (to divide) it into three equal parts.

3.(not to change) the mind on this problem.

4.(not to begin) your experiment now it’s already late.

3.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на лицо, к которому обращена просьба или приказание:

1.Let us ask professor about the difference between chemical and physical properties of this substance.

2.Don’t let him solve this question. We have already the answer.

3.Let them freeze the liquid in the tube and then measure its volume.

4.Let her illustrate my explanation with an example.

5.Let me help him in his laboratory work.

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

глубина, газоизыскание, в начале, газопровод, железная руда, геологическая разведка, создание, проектировать, предприятие, промышленный масштаб, высокоразвитый, состав, ценный, сырьё, добыча, переработка, нефтяные залежи, газоконденсатное месторождение, сероводород, сера, сжиженный газ, транспортное средство, промышленное и гражданское строительство, производство товаров широкого потребления, взаимовыгодное сотрудничество, нефтегазовые ресурсы, внедрение, новейшая технология, отрасли.

5. Переведите следующие группы слов:

его глубины содержат… он положил начало…

уникальное газоконденсатное месторождение… газохимический комплекс основан…

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добыча газа начата… предприятие образует часть…

газ характеризуется присутствием… газ является ценным сырьём для…

предприятие начало переработку газа и нестабильного конденсата…

6.Поставьте вопросы ко всем членам предложения:

1.Gas is a valuable raw material for processing.

2.The production of gas on an industrial scale was begun in 1974.

3.The Enterprise works in close contact with oil and gas producing and processing companies.

4.Gas has been produced here for a long time.

5.The company is producing liquefied gases, helium, ethane, granulated sulphur and stable condensate.

7.Creation of a joint enterprise will allow to increase gas production at the Karachaganak gas condensate field.

7. Выберите нужную форму глагола из приведенных в скобках.

1.The gas from the Orenburg field (contain, contained, contains) hydrogen sulphide, sour sulphur, helium, ethane and other components.

2.Nature (give, have given, has given) the Orenburg region various natural resources.

3.Gas (is produced, will be produced, was produced) in this gas field two years ago.

4.Three production lines (is used, were used, are used) to produce pipes.

5.The plant (have, had, has) an advanced system of training and professional development of workers and engineers.

8. Переведите на английский:

1. Академик И.М. Губкин положил начало геологической разведке Волго-Уральской территории.

2. Газохимический комплекс был основан на ресурсной базе газоконденсатного месторождения.

3. "Газпром добыча Оренбург" является высокоразвитым многопрофильным предприятием. 4. Газ характеризуется присутствием конденсата, сероводорода и гелия.

5. Предприятие начало добычу нефти из нефтяных залежей.

6. По своему составу газ является ценным сырьём для переработки.

9.Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1.The Orenburg gas chemical complex is the biggest in Europe in processing hydrogen sulfide.

2.Gas from the Orenburg gas condensate field is used as a fuel in the home.

3.In 1984 the Enterprise began an oil production from oil pools.

4.The gas composition of the Orenburg gas condensate field represents the significant interest.

5.In mid 30s he initiated geological exploration of the Volgo-Ural territory, within the site of the Orenburg region.

6.The Orenburg oil and gas condensate field consists of two gas condensate pools.

10.Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What has nature given to the Orenburg region?

2.Who was the pioneer of the Soviet oil geology?

3.What did he initiate?

4.What did the ministry of gas industry produce in 1968?

5.When was the Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" established?

6.What was begun in 1974?

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7.What does gas from the Orenburg gas condensate field contain?

8.It is a valuable raw material for processing, is not it?

9.What did the Enterprise begin in 1984?

10.What does the Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" represent?

11.Перескажите текст, используя следующие разговорные формулы:

The subject of the text is…

The text deals with…

It is pointed out that…

To sum it up…

Сообщение на тему: “Oil and Gas”

Oil and gas are the most important mineral fuels. Petroleum is the name of а mineral oil. Oil comes from under the ground. Crude oil is the oil that is not refined. Oil is prоduсеd by oilmen in many countries of the world.

By the process оf refining we get petrol, paraffins and other products from crude oil. Oil is used in the production of fuel, lubricants, synthetic materials, plastics and other products.

The most important fuel after oil is natural gas. Gas is produced by gasmen in many countries of the world. Gas is used as а fuel in the home and as а raw material for the production of different products.

The products from oil and gas are piped to many countries. We have many deposits of oil and gas in our countries. The Orenburg region is one of Russia's leading producers of oil and gas. The exploration and development of' oil and gas fields is very important for the economy of our country.

Words and word combinations

fuel – топливо

crude oil – сырая нефть to rеfinе – очищать refining – очистка

to produce – производить, добывать oilmen – нефтяник

petrol – бензин products – продукты

production – производство, добыча lubricants – смазочные вещества ground – земля

leading – ведущий raw material – сырье

to pipe – перекачивать по трубам deposit – месторождение

natural gas – природный газ important – важный producer – производитель exploration – разведка development – разработка

oil field – нефтяное месторождение gas field – газовое месторождение

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Lesson Fourteen (The Fourteenth Lesson)

1.Text “The Enterprise “Gasprom production Orenburg”” (continued).

2.Words and word combinations.

3.Grammar: Revision

4.Grammar and lexical exercises.

5.Сообщение на тему: "The Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg".

Text “The Enterprise “Gasprom production Orenburg”” (continued).

The Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" produces liquefied gases of the following brands: technical propane (ПТ), technical butane and propane mixture (СПБТ), propane for gasengine vehicles (ПА), propane-butane for gas-engine vehicles (ПБА); stable gas condensate, wide fraction of light hydrocarbons, propane-butane-pentane fraction.

Liquefied gases of brands СПБТ and ПТ are used as a fuel for urban needs and for industrial purposes. Liquefied gases of brands ПА and ПБА are usually used as a motor fuel for ground vehicles.

The delivery of liquefied gases is carried out by rail and vehicle transportation tanks.

Gaseous helium is produced by the way of deep refrigeration of cleaned helium-bearing natural gas from the Orenburg gas condensate field with subsequent cleaning.

Gaseous helium is used on a large scale for welding of active metals mixtures, cooling of nuclear reactors, making respiration mixtures; it is also used in rocket and space technology, laser technology and cryogenic engineering.

Stable gas condensate is a mixture of hydrocarbons of methane, naphtene and aromatic series. Feedstock is an unstable gas condensate from the Orenburg gas condensate field.

Stable gas condensate produced at the Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" represents an initial raw material for producing high quality motor petrol, diesel fuel and other products of oil processing.

The wide fraction of light hydrocarbons is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons of methane series produced during separation of natural gas. It is used as a raw material for fractionation plants, oil and gas processing and petroleum chemistry enterprise, for production of motor fuel and products of petro-organic synthesis. The wide fraction of light hydrocarbons produced by the Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" is a valuable product which is used for production of motor fuel and products of petro-organic synthesis.

Propane-butane-pentane fraction represents the mixture of propane, isobutane and normal butane which is obtained during separation of natural gases. It is used as a raw material for pyrolysis plants and gas fractionation at petroleum and gas refineries and petroleum chemistry works. Propane- butane-pentane fraction produced by the Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" is a valuable product which is used for production of motor fuel and products of petro-organic synthesis.

Words and word combinations.

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Grammar and lexical exercises.

1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

производить, марка, сжиженный газ, технический пропан, пропановая смесь, технический бутан, использовать, топливо, промышленные цели, транспортное средство, доставка, производится путём..., глубокое охлаждение, содержащий гелий, последующая очистка, респираторные смеси, технология низких температур.

2. Переведите на английский:

предприятие производит… сжиженный газ используется… доставка осуществляется…

газообразный гелий производится путём… газообразный гелий используется в большом масштабе для…

5. Прочитайте следующие предложения. Найдите в каждом из них группу "подлежащее-сказуемое", определите время и залог. Составьте вопросы к предложениям.

1. Liquefied gas is used as a fuel for urban needs and for industrial purposes.

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2.The Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" produces a lot of different products from crude gas.

3.Gas will be produced from this field next year.

4.The production of gas was begun many years ago.

6.Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1.Feedstock is an unstable gas condensate from the Orenburg gas condensate field.

2.On the basis of the Orenburg field the Orenburg gas chemical complex is created with obtaining from gas a lot of valuable components.

3.The products from crude gas meet the needs of the Orenburg region.

4.It is used as a raw material for fractionation plants, oil and gas processing.

5.Gas is used as both an energy source and a valuable chemical raw material.

6.It is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons of methane series produced during separation of natural gas.

7.The delivery of liquefied gases is carried out by rail and vehicle transportation tanks.

7. Переведите предложения на английский:

1.Предприятие производит сжиженные газы разных марок.

2.Сжиженный газ используется как моторное топливо для наземных транспортных средств.

3.Доставка осуществляется железной дорогой.

4.Газообразный гелий производится путём глубокого охлаждения очищенного природного газа, содержащего гелий.

5.Он также используется в ракетной и космической технологии, лазерной технологии и технологии низких температур.

6.Сырьём является нестабильный газоконденсат.

7.Стабильный газоконденсат представляет собой первоначальное сырьё для производства продуктов нефтепереработки.

8.Широкая фракция лёгких углеводородов это жидкая смесь углеводородов метановой группы, производимая в течение сепарации природного газа.

9.Это ценный продукт, который используется для производства моторного топлива и продуктов петроорганического синтеза.

10.Пропан-бутан-пентановая фракция представляет собой смесь пропана, изобутана и обыкновенного бутана, который получается в процессе сепарации природных газов.

8. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What does the Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" produce?

2.Where are the liquefied gases used?

3.How is the delivery of liquefied gases carried out?

4.What is produced by the way of deep refrigeration of natural gas?

5.Where is gaseous helium used?

6.What is stable gas condensate?

7.What does it represent?

8.Where is the wide fraction of light hydrocarbons used?

9.What is obtained during separation of natural gases?

10.What is used for production of motor fuel?

9. Расскажите, что нового вы узнали из текста. Какие факты вам были уже известны? Используйте следующие разговорные формулы: I'd like to say a few words about…; as a matter of fact…; it is important to say that…; in my opinion…,etc.

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Сообщение на тему: "The Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg"

The Orenburg gas chemical complex operates on the Orenburg gas condensate field. The production оf gas was begun in 1974. Gas from the Orenburg field contains: condensate, hydrogen sulfide and helium.

The Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" represent: production, transportation and processing of liquified gas, ethane, helium, sulphur, stable gas condensate and оthers. The Orenburg gas chemical complex is the biggest in Europe in processing hydrogen sulfide.

The Enterprise “Orenburggasprom was founded in 1968. "Gasprom production Orenburg" is а highly developed enterprise. It forms a part of Russian Joint-Stock company "Gasprom". In 1984 the Enterprise began an oil production and а processing of gas and unstable condensate.

The Enterprise fulfills industrial and civil construction, agricultural works, consumer goods production and economic activity. "Gasprom production Orenburg" is open for coopеration in a sphere of development of oil and gas industry. The Enterprise "Gasprom production Orenburg" works in close contact with many oil and gas producing and processing companies, different oil refineries, gas plants all over the world.

Words and word combinations

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Grammar and lexical exercises.

1.Переведите текст и укажите предложения со сказуемыми в страдательном залоге.

2.Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих английских словосочетаний:

Text: “Fossil Fuels”.

The chief sources of energy available to man today are oil, natural gas, coal, water power and atomic energy. Coal, gas and oil represent energy that has been concentrated by the decay of organic materials (plants and animals) accumulated in the geologic past. These fuels are often referred to as fossil fuels.

The word fossil (derived from the Latin fodere "to dig up") originally referred to anything that was dug from the ground, particularly a mineral. Today the term fossil generally means any direct evidence of past life, for example, the footprints of ancient animals. Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks, although sometimes they may be found in igneous and metamorphic rocks as well. They are found in sandstone, dolomite and conglomerate.

Most fuels are carbon-containing substances that are burned in air. In burning fuels give off heat which is used for different purposes.

Fuels may be solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid fuels may be divided into two main groups, natural and manufactured. The former category includes coal, wood, peat and other plant products. The latter category includes coke and charcoal obtained by heating coal in the absence of air.

Liquid fuels are derived almost from petroleum. In general, natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels. Petroleum is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons – compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon – together with the small amount of other elements such as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. Petroleum is usually associated with water and natural gas. It is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological formation allowed the oil to collect from a wide area. Petroleum is one of the most efficient fuels and raw materials.

Of gaseous fuels the most important are those derived from natural gas, chiefly methane or petroleum. Using gaseous fuels makes it possible to obtain high thermal efficiency, ease of distribution and control. Gas is the most economical and convenient type of Fuels. Today gas is widely utilized in the home and as a raw material for producing synthetics.

Scientists consider that a most promising source of natural resources may be the floor of the sea, a subject which now has become an important field of research.

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Grammar and lexical exercises.

1. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

natural gas; atomic energy; geologic past; the two main groups of rocks; the different categories of solid fuels; the basis of practically all natural fuels; the small amount of other elements; to be associated with water and gas; porous sedimentary rocks; geological formations; the most efficient fuel and raw materials; gaseous fuel; high thermal efficiency; to be derived from petroleum.

2.Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1.Coal, water power and atomic energy are the only sources of energy available to man today.

2.Coal, wood and peat represent natural group of solid fuels.

3.As а rule fossil fuels are found in sedimentary rocks.

4.Crude oil is widely used for producing solid fuels.

5.Petroleum can be found in porous sedimentary rocks.

6.Gas is used to produce synthetic materia1s.

7.Not all types of fossil fuels burn.

3.а) Назовите, в каких предложениях употреблен герундий. Укажите определяющие его признаки:

1.Charcoal is used for producing high grades of cast iron.

2.Coke is formed in the process of heating certain grades of coal in the absence of air.

З. New concentration plants have been built for the processing of non-ferrous and ferrous metals.

4.Many minerals undergo changes by taking water in their molecule.

5.The form of а mineral body is taken into consideration in selecting the method of mining.

6.In prospecting for useful minerals, aerial photography will plау an important part.

7.Using modern mining equipment allowed the miners to increase the output of coal.

8.The training of mining specialists now takes plасе in proximity to industrial enterprises.

9.It is difficult to understand the nature of fossils without studying their origin.

б) Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых употреблен герундий. Переведите предложения.

4. Переведите предложения, используя следующие слова и сочетания слов:

to be of great importance; to be the basis for; the national economy; to represent; there is; to manufacture; gaseous

1.Уголь, нефть и природный газ – старейшие источники энергии. Они представляют собой горючее топливо органического происхождения.

2.Есть (существует) жидкое, твердое и газообразное топливо.

3.Уголь – сырье для получения кокса.

4.Сырая нефть является основой для изготовления промышленного жидкого топлива.

5.Использование природного газа имеет большое значение для народного хозяйства страны.

5. Закончите предложения подходящими по смыслу словами из текста А:

1.As for the origin of fossil fuels they have been formed by… .

2.According to the latest information the main sources of energy are … . З. As is known fossil fuels are mostly associated with ... .

4.As far as petroleum is concerned, it can be found in ... .

5.Generally speaking, all types of fuel are important ... .

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6. Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста А. Используйте предлагаемые разговорные формулы:

as is known; to my mind; in my opinion; on the contrary; as for ...; I'd like to say that ...; it seems to be wrong; I can't agree with you.

1.The meaning of the term fossil is unknown.

2.Fossil fuels may be found only in sedimentary rocks. З. Coke represents natural solid fuel.

4.Petroleum contains only hydrocarbons.

5.Gas is not so convenient type of fuel as coal.

7. Расскажите коротко (6-8 предложений) о разных видах топлива и других источниках энергии в промышленности и в быту в вашем городе/районе/республике. Используйте известные вам разговорные формулы.

Text: "How are Oil and Gas Formed?”

Knowledge of geology is the basis for all oil and gas exploration. In general four conditions must be fulfilled before oil and gas pools can form. There must be:

-source rocks where oil or gas is generated

-reservoir rocks where they can accumulate

-cap rocks to seal off reservoir rocks and stop further upward migration of the oil and gas, and traps, a geological structure in which hydrocarbons accumulate to from an oil or gas field.

It should be noted that the generation of oil is affected by a number of factors.

The formation of oil and gas from remains of plants and animals took million of years. Clays mixed with these organic remains were first deposited as mud on the sea floor. Later, several thousand meters of clays and sands were deposited over the organic mud, depressing these rich muds deeper into the subsurface. The deeper it was buried, the greater the pressure and temperature. As time went by the increased temperature partly transformed the organic matter to oil and gas. The organic mud was compressed by the weight of the overlying rocks. Sands however, cannot be compressed to any great extent. Water, oil and gas were squeezed out of the mud and into the pores between the grains of sand. Oil and gas, being lighter than water, moved up through the pores until they were trapped by tight layers of compressed clays. On the sea floor sand and clay layers are usually deposited horizontally, one layer is followed by the other. Therefore, any major accumulation of oil and gas is dependent on "traps". Thus, a trap is referred to as a subsurface structure where oil or gas can be (found) looked for.

Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы:

1.What must be fulfilled before oil and gas pools can form?

a.There must be: source rock, cap rocks and traps.

b.There must be: reservoir rock, source rock, sedimentary rock and cap rock.

c.There must be: source rock, reservoir rock, cap rocks and traps.

d.There must be: traps, cap rocks, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

2.What was first deposited as mud on the sea floor?

a.Sands mixed with these remains were first deposited as mud on the sea floor.

b.Organic materials were first deposited as mud on the sea floor.

c.Debris and dust were first deposited as mud on the sea floor.

d.Clays mixed with these organic remains were first deposited as mud on the sea floor.

3.What was the organic mud compressed by?

a.The organic mud was compressed by the power of the overlying rocks.

b.The organic mud was compressed by the weight of the sedimentary rocks.

c.The organic mud was compressed by the weight of the overlying rocks.

d.The organic mud was compressed by the molecular weights of the overlying rocks.

4.How are sand and clay layers deposited on the floor?

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a.Sand and clay layers are deposited vertically.

b.On the sea floor sand and clay layers are usually deposited horizontally.

c.Sand and clay layers are deposited straight on the sea floor.

d.On the sea floor sand and clay layers are deposited one after the other.

5.What is trap referred to?

a.A trap is referred to as hydrocarbon structure.

b.A trap is referred to as a sea floor structure.

c.A trap is referred to as a geological structure.

d.A trap is referred to as a subsurface structure.

Вопросы по теме: «Petroleum engineering»

1. What is petroleum?

Petroleum is a very complex mixture of hydrocarbons. 2. What compounds does it contain?

Petroleum contains paraffin hydrocarbons and asphaltic materials. It has compounds that contain oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen.

3. What is crude oil?

Crude oil is the oil that is not refined.

4. When does crude oil find practical application?

Crude oil finds practical application when it is separated into fraction. 5. What is called refining?

The process of making crude oil into articles of commerce is called refining. 6. What do we get by the process of refining?

By the process of refining we get petrol, paraffines and a lot of other products from crude oil. 7. Where is oil used?

Oil is used in the production of fuel, lubricants, synthetic materials, plastics and other products.

8.What is the most important fuel after oil? The most important fuel after oil is natural gas.

9.Where is gas used?

Gas is used as a fuel in the home and as a raw material for the production of different products. 10. How is gas from the Orenburg gas condensate field characterized?

Gas from the Orenburg gas condensate field is characterized by the presence of condensate, hydrogen sulfide and helium.

11. Why is it a valuable raw material for processing?

By its composition it is a valuable raw material for processing. 12. Where is liquefied gas used?

The liquefied gas is used as a fuel for urban needs and for industrial purposes.

13.What is produced by the way of deep refrigeration of natural gas? Gaseous helium is produced by the way of deep refrigeration of natural gas.

14.Where is gaseous helium used?

Gaseous helium is used for welding of active metal mixtures, cooling of nuclear reactions, making respiration mixtures. It is also used in rocket and space technology, laser technology and cryogenic engineering.

15. What is stable gas condensate?

The stable gas condensate is a mixture of hydrocarbons of methane, naphtene and aromatic series. 16. What does stable gas condensate represent?

The stable gas condensate represents an initial raw material for producing high quality motor petrol, diesel fuel and other products of oil processing.

17. What is the wide fraction of light hydrocarbons?

The wide fraction of light hydrocarbons is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons of methane series produced during separation of natural gas.

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18. Where is the wide fraction of light hydrocarbons used?

The wide fraction of light hydrocarbons is used as a raw material for fractionation plants, oil and gas processing and petroleum chemistry enterprise. It is also used for production of motor fuel and products of petro-organic synthesis.

19. What does propane-butane-pentane fraction represent?

Propane-butane-pentane fraction represents the mixture of propane, isobutane and normal butane. 20. How is propane-butane-pentane fraction obtained?

The propane-butane-pentane fraction is obtained during separation of natural gases. 21. Where is the propane-butane-pentane fraction used?

The propane-butane-pentane fraction is used as a raw material for oil and gas refineries and for production of motor fuel and products of petro-organic synthesis.

22. What do the natural gases contain?

The natural gases contain mainly methane with small impurity of ethane, propane, butane, pentane and also nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.

(impurity – примесь, carbon dioxide – углекислый газ)

23.What group are the natural gases referred to? The natural gases are referred to group of lean gases. (lean gases – тощий газ)

24.What group are the associated gases referred to?

The associated gases or the passing gases are referred to fat gases. (passing gas – попутный газ, fat gas – жирный газ)

25. What is received from the associated gases?

The following hydrocarbon fractions are received from the associated gases: ethane, propane, isobutene, butane, isopentane and pentane.

26. How is stable gas condensate received?

The stable gas condensate is received from the crude condensate by its degassing. (degassing – дегазация, откачка)

27. What is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)?

The liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of commercial propane and commercial butane.

28.What is petroleum product extracted from natural gas? Natural gasoline is petroleum product extracted from natural gas.

29.Why is ethane in growing demand?

Ethane is in growing demand as a base for the manufacture of plastics, alcohols and other chemicals.

30. What is an important part of the production process?

Natural gas processing is an important part of the production process.

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Lesson One

1.Text «The United Kingdom»

2.Words and word combinations.

3.Сообщение на тему: «The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland».

Text “United Kingdom”.

The full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands,

Great Britain and Ireland, and great number of small islands. Their total area is over 31400 sq. km. The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English

Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. Northern Ireland occupies one third of the island of Ireland. It borders on the Irish Republic in the south. The island of Great Britain consists of three main parts: England (the southern and middle part of the island), Wales (a mountainous peninsula in the West) and Scotland (the northern part of the island).

There are no high mountains in Great Britain. In the north the Cheviots separate England from Scotland, the Pennines stretch down North England along its middle, the Cambrian mountains occupy the greater part of Wales and the Highlands of Scotland are the tallest of the British mountains. There is very little flat country except in the region known as East Anglia. Most of the rivers flow into the North Sea. The Thames is the deepest of the British rivers. Some of the British greatest ports are situated in the estuaries of the Thames, Mersey, Trent, Tyne, Clyde and Bristol Avon. Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources, it has some deposits of coal and iron ore and vast deposits of oil and gas that were discovered in the Northern Sea. The warm currents of the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. Winters are not severely cold and summers are rarely hot.

The population of the United Kingdom is over 58 million people. The main nationalities are: English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish. In Great Britain there are a lot of immigrants from former British Asian and African colonies.

Great Britain is a highly industrialized country. New industries have been developed in the last three decades. The main industrial centers are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow and Bristol.

The capital of the country is London. The United Kingdom is a parliamentary monarchy.

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Ответьте на вопросы.

1.Where is the United Kingdom situated?

2.What island do the British Isles consist of?

3.What ocean and seas are the British Isles washed by?

4.How many parts does the Island of Great Britain consist of and what are they called?

5.What country does Northern Ireland border on?

6.Are there any high mountains in Great Britain?

7.What sea do most of the rivers flow into?

8.What mineral resources is Great Britain rich in?

9.What is the climate like in Great Britain?

10.What is the population of Great Britain?

11.What city is the capital of the U. K.?

12.What kind of state is Great Britain?

Сообщение на тему: “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”.

The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles. The United Kingdom includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain contains England, Scotland and Wales. The country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Irish Sea. The climate of Great Britain is mild. The winter is not cold, the summer is not hot and it often rains. There are many beautiful rivers, lakes, mountains and forests in the UK. The UK is rich in mineral resources: oil, natural gas, coal and others. The UK is a highly-developed industrial country. The textile industry, heavy and electrical engineering are the most important. The British grow wheat, fruit, vegetables, oats and others. London is the capital of the country. It stands on the river Thames. The UK is a parliamentary monarchy. The Queen is head of the state, the Prime Minister is the head of the government.

Words and word combinations.

Lesson Two

1.Text «Our Country» (Russia)

2.Words and word combinations

3.Сообщение на тему: «Our Country» (Russia).

Text “Our Country” (Russia)

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It is situated in Europe and Asia. Russia is washed in the North by the Arctic Ocean. In the South, in the West and in the East it is washed by different seas. Russia is a land of long rivers and large lakes. The largest of all Russia’s rivers is the Volga. The three largest lakes in Russia are Baikal, Ladoga and Onega. The relief of Russia is mostly flat. Some parts of the country are covered with hills and mountains, forests and volcanoes. The climate of Russia is different. Much of European Russia and Siberia is very cold most of the year. The central part of the country has a mild climate. In the South it is very hot. The Russian

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Federation is very rich in mineral resources: oil, natural gas, coal, iron, gold, silver, copper, ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals, limestone and others. Russia is a highly-developed industrial country. Agriculture is an important sector in the economy of the country. The Russians grow wheat, fruit, vegetables and many others. Moscow is the capital of Russian Federation. It is a political, economic, commercial and cultural center of Russia. The heart of Moscow is the Kremlin and Red Square. There are a lot of beautiful places, old cathedral, churches, monuments, galleries, museums, theaters in Moscow. The Russian Federation is a presidential republic. The president is the head of the state. The Prime Minister is the head of the government.

Words and word combinations

Ответьте на вопросы.

1.What is the geographical position of Russia?

2.What is the climate of country?

3.What mineral resources is Russia rich in?

4.Russia is a highly-developed industrial country, isn’t it?

5.What do the Russians grow?

6.What is the capital of Russian Federation?

7.Do you know any places of interest in Moscow?

8.What is the political system in Russia?

9.Who is the head of the state?

10.Who is the head of the government?

Сообщение на тему: “Our Country” (Russia).

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It is situated in Europe and Asia. The country has many seas and oceans. There are many rivers and lakes in Russia, for example: the Volga, the Yenisei, the Baikal and the Ladoga. Some parts of the country are covered with hills and mountains, forests and volcanoes. The climate of Russia is different. It is very cold in the North even in summer. The central part of the country has a mild climate. In the South it is very hot. The Russian Federation is very rich in mineral resources: oil, natural gas, coal, iron, gold, silver, copper, ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals, limestone and others. Russia is a highly-developed industrial country. Agriculture is an important sector in the economy of the country. The Russians grow wheat, fruit, vegetables and many others. There are many universities, scientific institutions, colleges, schools, libraries, museums, galleries, theatres, churches in our country. Moscow is the capital of Russia. There are many interesting places to see in Moscow: the Bolshoi Theatre, the Tretjakov Art Gallery, the Kremlin, Red Square and others. The president is the head of the state.

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Words and word combinations.

Lesson Three

1.Text «Ecological problems».

2.Text «Environmental protection».

3.Words and word combinations.

4.Сообщение на тему: «Environment».

Text “Ecological problems”.

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited.

But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.

Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

The pollution of air and the world’s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man’s careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises.

The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 percent of the territory of Belarus were also polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people’s health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Belarusian and other nations.

Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries – members of the UNO – have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl. An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

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Words and word combinations:

1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний.

источник, гармония, окружающая среда, развитие, дымный, предприятия, побочный продукт, деятельность, загрязнять, вредные вещества, страдать, исчезновение, кислород, редкие виды, разрушение, экологический, ужасный, катастрофа, ущерб, последствия, взрыв, защита, меры, безопасность, научный центр, сохранить, первые шаги, сохранить жизнь.

2. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:

1.since ancient times…

2.people lived in harmony

3.the by-products of their activity

4.some rare species of animals

5.destruction of the ozone layer

7. environmental protection agencies

3. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

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5. Переведите на английский язык:

1.Во всем мире появляются большие города с тысячами дымящих промышленных предприятий.

2.С древних времен природа служит человеку, являясь источником его жизни.

3.Каждый год мировая промышленность вырабатывает один миллион тонн пыли и других вредных веществ.

4.Загрязнение воздуха и мирового океана, разрушение озонового слоя являются результатами небрежного обращения с природой, признаком экологического кризиса.

5.Был нанесен большой урон сельскому хозяйству, лесам и здоровью людей.

6.Защита окружающей среды – всеобщая забота.

7.Многочисленные конференции были проведены этими агентствами, чтобы обсудить проблемы, стоящие перед экологически неблагополучными регионами.

8.Международная организация «Гринпис» делает многое для того, чтобы сохранить окружающую среду.

6. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.How did people live for thousands of years?

2.What appears all over the world today?

3.What pollutes the air we breathe?

4.What is the result of the pollution the atmosphere?

5.Why is environmental protection of a universal concern?

6.What are the initial steps in this direction?

7.Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы.

Text «Environmental protection».

Our planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but nowadays it’s the only place where we can live.

People always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem. People lived in rural areas and did not produce such amount of polluting agents that would cause a dangerous situation in global scale. With the development of overcrowded industrial highly developed cities, which put huge amounts of pollutants into surrounds, the problem has become more and more dangerous. Today our planet is in serious danger. Acid rains, global warming, air and water pollution, and overpopulation are the problems that threaten human lives on the Earth.

Factories emit tons of harmful chemicals. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.

Our forests are disappearing because they are cut down or burnt. If this trend continues, one day we won’t have enough oxygen to breathe, we won’t see a beautiful green forest at all.

The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear wastes, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in our seas.

Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out forever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today may soon become extinct.

And even greater threats are nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are.

Fortunately, it’s not too late to solve these problems. We have the time, the money and the technology to make our planet a better, cleaner and safer place. We can plant trees and create parks for endangered animals. We can recycle our wastes; persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities, because it is apparent that our careless use of fossil fuels and chemicals is destroying this planet. And it is now more than ever apparent that at the same time we are destroying our bodies and our future.

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Words and word combinations.

Ответьте на вопросы:

1.When did the problem of pollution become dangerous?

2.What are the problems that threaten human lives on the Earth?

3.Why is air pollution harmful?

4.Is it dangerous to breathe polluted air?

5.What are the most dangerous pollutants?

6.What is the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains on our planet?

7.Can we solve the problem of environmental protection?

Сообщение на тему: «Environment».

About two hundred years ago man lived in a harmony with nature because industry was not much developed. Today the contradictions between man and nature are dramatic.

Every year world industry puts their waste materials, harmful substances into the water and atmosphere and pollutes the environment. People of many cities suffer from smog. Radiation has become one of the main problems. The pollution of the air, ocean, seas, rivers, forests and the destruction of the ozone layer can lead our planet to a global catastrophe.

Our Earth is our home and we must take care of it. We must keep our environment clean. The environmental question is connected with other important international problems: the overgrowth of population, hunger, poverty, peace and disarmament. The pollution of the environment influences the lives of animals, plants and humans.

We have to control atmospheric and water pollution, to study man’s influence on the climate, to protect the health of people. The protection of our environment is a matter of survival of Mankind on Earth.

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Контрольные работы.

Test №1.

Контрольная работа на повторение пройденного материала (Lessons 1 – 5) и материала, выносимого на самостоятельное изучение дисциплины.

Task №1.

I. Укажите, чем является глаголы to be и to have:

a)смысловым; b) вспомогательным; c) модальным; d) глаголом-связкой

1.My father is a businessman.

2.We have a huge collection of stamps and coins.

3.The students are having English now.

4.They have to go to the library every day.

II. Выберите соответствующую форму глагола:

1.My parents _____ watching TV now.

a)is; b) are; c) were; d) was.

2.We _____ foreign languages at the University.

a)learn; b) learns; c) learnt; d) are learning.

3.She _____ go to the University in the evening.

a)don’t go; b) goes not; c) did not

4._____ you work at a plant last year?

a)do; b) did; c) does.

5.My friend _____ the English text into Russian last week.

a)translates; b) translate; c) translated.

III. Выберите перевод выделенных модальных глаголов из данных ниже:

1.You may use the new device for your research.

2.The solar batteries must heat and light homes.

3.They could visit this new automation shop.

a) должны; b) можете; c) могли; d) сможете.

IV. Замените слова в скобках эквивалентами модальных глаголов, данными ниже:

1.You (должны) to replace this old lathe.

2.In future we (сможем) to use solar energy more effectively.

3.They (было разрешено) to test the machine tool.

4.The students (смогли) to make the experiment.

a)were allowed; b) will be able; c) have; d) were able; e) were.

V.Замените эквивалент соответствующим модальным глаголом из данных ниже:

1.They are allowed to replace the old equipment.

2.They have to replace the old equipment.

3.They were able to replace the old equipment.

a)must; b) could; c) may; d) might.

VI. Определите время сказуемого в предложениях:

1.English language is the language of the great literature.

2.We can read foreign authors in the original.

3.The students were having a dictation when the bell rang.

4.The native speakers of English live in Great Britain.

5.The position as a fortress gave the city many privileges.

a)Present Indefinite; b) Past Indefinite; c) Present Continuous; d) Past Continuous.

VII. Выберите правильный перевод сказуемого:

1.The students speak English at the lesson.

2.The students spoke English at the lesson yesterday.

3.The students must speak English at the lesson.

4.The students are speaking English at the lesson now.

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5.The students were speaking English at the lesson when the teacher came in. a) должны говорить; b) говорят сейчас; с) говорили; d) говорят.

6.We have dinner at home.

7.We had dinner at home yesterday.

8.She has to have dinner in the office.

9.My parents are having dinner now.

a) обедали; b) обедают сейчас; с) приходиться обедать; d) обедают.

VIII. Дополните следующие ниже предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1.We _____ foreign languages at the University.

a)learn; b) learned; c) are learning; d) were learning.

2.My friend _____ in the office now.

a)was; b) is; c) are; d) is being.

3.He _____ stay at home last week.

a)must; b) have to; c) had to.

4.The students _____ go to the University yesterday.

a)do not; b) does not; c) did not.

5.What are you _____ now?

a)do; b) done; c) doing; d)did.

6.Where _____ you spend the weekend last month?

a)do; b) did; c) does; d) have.

6.Who _____ translate this English text into Russian?

a)must; b) could; c) can; d) have to.

Task №2.

I. Выберите нужную форму глагола из приведённых в скобках:

My name (is, was, am) Victor Sedov. I (are, am, is, was) eighteen years old. I (is, was, am) a first year student of the University. Our University (is, are, was) in the centre of the town. I (have, has, had) a lot of friends at the University. My grandfather (was, were, is) an engineer. He (were, was, had, is) a student of the University many years ago. It (had, was, were) one of the best – known educational institutions in our country. It (is, has, had) well-equipped laboratories and a library with a lot of Russian and foreign books and journals.

II. Поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous (I am doing) или в Present Simple (I do):

I usually (get up) at 7 o’clock. I (air) my room and (do) my morning exercises. Then I (go) to the bathroom where I (brush) my teeth and (have) a shower. Where (be) my mother now? She (be) in the kitchen. What she (do)? She (cook) breakfast. She (do) it every morning. It (be) 7.45. I (go) to the kitchen. My father (be) already in the kitchen. He (sit) at the table and (wait) for me. We usually (have) breakfast together. Breakfast (be) over, we (leave) home. I often go to the university by bus, but this morning I (walk) .It (take) me twenty minutes to get to the university. We (have) 3 lectures, seminars or laboratory work every day. We (not to have) any classes on Saturdays. After classes I (go) home and (have dinner). In the evening I sometimes (visit) friends or (stay) at home and (listen) to music. At the weekends I (like) going swimming. It (be) 8 o’clock in the evening. I (learn) English. I (learn) English every evening. I (go) to bed at 11 o’clock as a rule.

At that moment I (work) very hard because I have exams soon.

Task №3.

I. Выберите английское слово, соответствующее русскому:

1.важный – importance, importable, important.

2.занимать – occupier, occupy, occupation.

3.производительный – produce, productive, production.

4.промышленный – industry, industrialized, industrial.

5.разный – difficult, desirable, different.

6.развитый – develop, development, developed.

7.ценный – value, available, valuable.

8.экологический – environment, ecology, environmental.

9.возможность – possible, possibility, impossible.

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10. переработка – process, processed, processing.

II. Выберите перевод выделенных слов:

1.foreign – иностранец, чуждый, инородный, иностранный.

2.native – рождение, родной, чистый, простой.

3.population – населять, многолюдный, население, всенародный.

4.situated – местоположение, положительный, расположенный.

5.relief – облегчение, пособие, рельеф, освобождение.

6.favourable – привилегированный, любимый, благоприятный.

7.significance – значимость, существенный, означать, значение.

8.stretch – удлинение, преувеличение, растягивать, тянуться.

9.pipe – трубка, дудка, трубопровод, транспортировать по трубопроводу.

10.obtain – достигать, доступный, приобретать, получать.

III. Выберете русское предложение, эквивалентное английскому:

1.Some people learn foreign languages because they need them for their work. a) Люди изучают иностранные языки для своей работы.

b) Некоторые люди изучают иностранные языки, потому что им надо работать.

c) Некоторые люди изучают иностранные языки, потому что они необходимы им для работы.

2.Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources.

a) Великобритания не богата минеральными ресурсами.

b) Великобритания не очень богата минеральными месторождениями. c) Великобритания не очень богата полезными ископаемыми.

3.Russia is a land of long rivers and large lakes. a) Россия – страна рек и озер.

b) Россия – страна длинных рек и больших озер. c) Россия – земля обширных рек и больших озер.

4.Orenburg’s position as a fortress on the way to Asia gave the city many privileges, especially for merchants.

a) Положение Оренбурга, как крепости на пути в Азию, давало много привилегий торговцам.

b) Местоположение Оренбурга давало городу много преимуществ, особенно купцам.

c) Расположение Оренбурга, как крепости на пути в Азию, давало городу много привилегий, особенно купцам.

5.A large gas and chemical complex operates on the unique gas condensate field.

a) Большой газовый комплекс работает на газоконденсатном месторождении.

b) Большой газохимический комплекс работает на конденсатном месторождение. c) Огромный газохимический комплекс работает на уникальном газоконденсатном месторождении.

Test №2.

Контрольная работа на повторение пройденного материала (Lessons 1 – 5).

Task №1.

I. Выделите суффиксы существительных и переведите слова на русский язык:

converter, artist, expression, invitation, movement, feeling, kindness, friendship, childhood, importance, language, nationality, agriculture, kingdom.

II. Образуйте множественное число от следующих существительных: language, game, friend, bush, class, ox, child, goose, mouse, louse.

III. Заполните пропуски артиклями, где это необходимо:

1. My friend is … good student. 2. This is … exercise-book. It’s … white exercise-book. … exercise-book is on … table. 3. I’m … teacher. I’m at … home now. 4. Please open … window. 5. Are you writing … new words? 6. They learn … English. 7. My friends are … students, they live in … Moscow.

IV. Переведите на русский язык следующие глаголы и поставьте их в форму Past Indefinite:

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to study, to play, to help, to know, to consist, to give, to spread, to become, to learn, to speak.

Task №2.

I. Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола be или have:

1. What … you? 2. He … a student of the University. 3. … these men workers? 4. They … some suggestions. 5. He … two sisters, and I … a brother. 6. Where … you going? – I … going to the college. 7. Yesterday we … two lectures. 8. They … waiting for us from 7 till 8 yesterday.

II. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:

1. Yesterday (to be) my day off. I usually (to wake up) early on my day off, but sometimes I (not to get up) at once. I (to get up) at eight o'clock yesterday. 2. "When you (to have) breakfast yesterday?" "I (to have) breakfast at nine in the morning." З. We usually (to stay) in the country over the week-end, but the weather (to be) bad and we (not to go) to the country tomorrow. 4. "When you last (to go) to the theatre?" "Two weeks ago." 5. I usually (to go) to bed at eleven o'clock. Yesterday my friends (to come) to see me, and I (to go) to bed at one in the morning. 6. She (not to be) at home now. She (to play) tennis. 7. When your son (to go) to college?

III. Поставьте следующие предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную формы:

1.This student must work hard at his English.

2.We have to go to the library.

3.They can stay with us over the week-end.

4.She had to stay at home yesterday.

IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на употребление модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов:

1.Кто может перевести это предложение?

2.Можно войти?

3.Вы сможете обсудить эти вопросы в понедельник утром?

4.Вчера мне пришлось ответить на все эти вопросы.

5.Мы должны изучать иностранные языки.

6.Вам пришлось остаться дома, потому что была плохая погода?

7.Я не люблю поздно ложиться спать, но иногда мне приходится.

8.Он не мог придти вчера, он должен был учить новые слова.

Task №3.

I. Выберите правильный перевод выделенных слов:

A

1.different – другой, различный, необычный.

2.state – штат, государство, состояние.

3.producer – изготовитель, поставщик, производитель.

4.developed – развитый, разработанный, развернутый.

5.field – поле, область, месторождение.

6.famous – знаменитый, известный, знатный.

7.reach – добираться, приближаться, достигать.

8.possibility – возможность, вероятность, терпимость.

9.source – исток, источник, ключ.

10.leading – лидирующий, ведущий, основной.

B

1.оборудованный – developed, equipped, covered.

2.получать – obtain, receive, get.

3.ценный – value, valuable, estimate.

4.покрывать – overlay, hush up, cover.

5.глава – state, head, main.

6.экономический – economy, economic,

7.выращивать – grow, cultivate, train.

8.даже – also, even, almost.

9.главный – main, head, chief.

10.иногда – together, usually, sometimes.

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II. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1.Russia has abundant natural resources, which, besides large areas of forests, vast fertile soils, and a great water supply, include large deposits of gas, coal, iron ore, and etc.

2.The official language in the UK is English, but some people continue speaking their mother tongue: Scottish in Western Scotland, Welsh in northern and central Wales, and Irish in Northern Ireland.

3.There are 50 stars on the American flag symbolizing 50 states of the USA, and 13 stripes representing 13 original states.

4.Washington, D.C. is not the largest city in the United States, but it is one of the most beautiful and unusual cites in the country, the first carefully planned capital in the world.

5.Moscow is more than 850 years old. Much water has flowed under its bridges, and many historic events have left their traces on the city’s face.

6.One can’t describe the country without mentioning its capital. London, the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, occupies a great area with the population over seven million people.

Task №4.

I. Текст содержит различные ошибки: 4 – в правописании, 6 – в грамматике. Перепишите текст, исправив ошибки.

1.My Motherland is Russia. It is a very large and beatiful country. Tourists from all over the world came to visit my country.

2.One cannot describe the UK without mention Wales, a highland country. Cardiff, the kapital and the largest city of Wales, is situate near the river Taft. The population of Wales is about 3 milion people.

3.The building of the Capitol have got its name from the temple in Rome. The Capitol consist of a central building with a great dome and two galeries. Under the dome there are a monumental hall calling the Rotunda.

Task №5.

I. Выберите правильные ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.What countries does Russia border?

a)Spanish, China, the Ukraine.

b)Finland, China, the Ukraine.

c)Finland, Mongolia, Norway.

2.How many million people live in Russia?

a)more than 150 million people.

b)more than 100 million people.

c)more than 90 million people.

3.Who is the head of the state?

a)the President.

b)the Prime Minister.

c)the King.

4.Where is London situated?

a)On the right bank of the Thames.

b)On the left high bank of the Thames.

c)On the both banks of the river Thames.

5.How many parts can London be divided into?

a)4 parts.

b)2 parts.

c)3 parts.

6.Where do Londoners like to spend their free time?

a)in numerous banks.

b)in the shops.

c)in the green parks.

7.What countries does the USA border?

a)Canada, Mongolia.

b)Mexico, Spain.

c)Canada, Mexico.

8.Who is the head of the State?

a)the King.

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b)the President.

c)the Queen.

Test №3 (вариант 1)

Контрольная работа на повторение пройденного материала (Lessons 6 – 8) и материала, выносимого на самостоятельное изучение дисциплины.

Task №1.

I. Определите по суффиксу часть речи: а) существительное, b) прилагательное, с) наречие.

1. weightless; 2. function; 3. physicist; 4. thickness; 5. usually; 6. experimental; 7. transmission; 8. operator; 9. reading; 10. examiner; 11. changeable; 12. completely; 13. improvement.

II. Образуйте множественное число от следующих существительных:

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение предлогов:

1.Mrs. Hutt is at work now, she is at her college.

2.Her work is over at 5 o’clock.

3.There were over thirty students at the lecture.

4.The students’ lectures are over by 3 o’clock and sometimes between 3 and 4 o’clock.

5.The students usually have their lectures in the morning.

6.On the third of September they had three lectures.

7.In winter and in summer they have their examinations.

8.Are there any lamps above the desks?

IV. Замените личные местоимения, данные в скобках, соответствующими притяжательными местоимениями.

1.I have some notebooks and pencils in (I) brief-case.

2.(She) family was in London.

3.Those are (we) instruments.

4.(He) examples were always interesting.

5.These are (they) friends.

6.Is this (you) child? Yes, it is (we) child.

7.This is a square. All (it) angles are right.

Task №2.

I. Вставьте нужный вспомогательный глагол shall/will или shan’t/won’t.

1.What do you think life … be like in the twenty-first century?

2.I …n’t stay long here.

3.I think I … watch television tonight.

4.In the next century people … fly to other planets.

5.… you help me with my luggage?

6.We …n’t be there for ever.

II. Определите время сказуемого: a) Present, b) Past Indefinite, c) Future Indefinite.

1. The scientist made lots of experiments.

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2.The students will continue research in a laboratory.

3.How does the lecturer explain this complex process?

4.Will you go to the lecture tomorrow?

5.Students do research at the Institutes.

III. Раскройте скобки, выбрав нужную форму глагола; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.There (is, are) a nice park in our city.

2.There (is, are) a table and four chairs in my sister’s room.

3.There (is, are) some letters on the table.

4.There (wasn’t, weren’t) a college here last year.

5.There (was, were) very many children in the park yesterday.

6.There (will, shall) be a lot of students at the lecture today.

IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there is (there are).

1.У меня на столе интересная книга. На столе есть интересная книга.

2.У вас в диктанте нет ошибок. В этом диктанте нет ошибок.

3.Здесь есть много интересных статей. У неё здесь много интересных статей.

4.На лекции много студентов. У них на лекции много студентов.

5.У него были некоторые ошибки в докладе. В его докладе были некоторые ошибки.

Task №3.

I. Выберите перевод выделенных слов.

A

1.to pollute – a) осквернять; b) загрязнять; c) развращать.

2.to extinct – a) исчезать; b) угасать; c) тушить.

3.disaster – a) бедствие; b) катастрофа; c) несчастье.

4.smoky – a) дымчатый; b) дымный; c) коптящий.

5.plant – a) саженец; b) растение; c) оборудование.

6.wastes – a) пустыня; b) ущерб; c) отходы.

7.soil – a) грунт; b) земля; c) грязь.

8.existence – a) жизнь; b) существование; c) существо.

9.to ruin – a) крушить; b) портить; c) разорять.

10.immediately – a) непосредственно; b) сразу; c) немедленно.

B

1.вещество – a) matter; b) substances; c) compound.

2.ужасный – a) terrible; b) horrible; c) awful.

3.слой – a) stratum; b) layer; c) section.

4.разрушение – a) demolition; b) destruction; c) contradiction.

5.уменьшать – a) to decrease; b) to reduce; c) to diminish.

6.отходы – a) scraps; b) pollutants; c) waste material.

7.угрожать – a) to menace; b) to threaten; c) to ruin.

8.сжигание – a) burning; b) combustion; c) cremation.

9.дышать – a) to respire; b) to breathe; c) to blow.

10.предприятие – a) venture; b) enterprise; c) undertaking.

II. Выберите синонимы к выделенным словам:

1.have – a) supply; b) possess; c) put; d) pour.

2.carry out – a) play; b) pass; c) protect; d) conduct.

3.link – a) connect; b) locate; c) listen; d) look.

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4. receive – a) run; b) rise; c) raise; d) get.

Task №4.

I. Выберите предложения, эквивалентные данным английским.

1.People always polluted their surroundings.

a)Люди всегда загрязняли всё вокруг.

b)Люди всегда загрязняли своё окружение.

c)Люди всегда загрязняли окружающую среду.

2.Environmental protection is of a universal concern.

a)Экологическая защита – всеобщая забота.

b)Защита окружающей среды – является универсальной проблемой.

c)Защита окружающей среды – всеобщая забота.

3.Global warming is sometimes referred to as the green house effect.

a)Глобальное потепление иногда рассматривают как парниковый эффект.

b)Глобальное потепление иногда соотносят с парниковым эффектом.

c)Глобальное потепление соотносят к парниковому эффекту.

4.Scientist and engineers can find the ways to reduce pollution of our environment.

a)Ученые и инженеры могут найти пути сокращения вредных выбросов в окружающую среду.

b)Ученые и инженеры смогут найти способы уменьшить загрязнение окружающей среды.

c)Ученые и инженеры могут найти пути, чтобы уменьшить загрязнения нашей окружающей среды.

II. Пользуясь словарём, переведите письменно следующие предложения.

1.Many rainforests grow on poor soils, and when they are cut down or burned, the soil is washed away in the tropical rains, so that the area may turn to desert.

2.The ozone layer is a layer of gas high above the surface of the earth that helps to protect it from the sun's ultraviolet radiation, which can damage our skins and cause cancer.

3.Most of the energy we use totally comes from coal, oil and gas. We need to look for other ways of supplying energy.

4.Overpopulation, population and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warning that is believed to caused by the greenhouse effect.

5.A lot of petrol contains lead, which is very poisonous and can cause brain damage in children.

6.People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else's.

7.They join and support various international organizations and green parties.

8.If governments wake up to what is happening – perhaps we'll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it.

Test №3 (вариант 2)

Контрольная работа на повторение пройденного материала (раздел 3 урок 8) и материала, выносимого на самостоятельное изучение дисциплины.

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II. Образуйте существительные с помощью данных суффиксов.

–ist: physic, telegraph, special, social.

–er: to read, to lecture, to report, to convert.

–or: to construct, to translate, to generate, to act.

–ing: to draw, to read, to begin.

–ment: to measure, to develop.

–th: long, broad, strong.

–tion: to construct, to illustrate, to express.

–ation: to combine, to inform.

–stion: to divide, to decide, to convert.

–ssion: to transmit, to permit.

III. Определите, каким русским падежам эквивалентны английские существительные в сочетании с предлогами of, to, with, by, about. Предложения переведите:

1.Mr. Hall delivers lectures to the students of a technical college.

2.He always comes to his work in time.

3.The volume of a milliliter is equal to a cubic centimeter.

4.The students always try to make experiments with their own hands.

5.Sometimes they make experiments with the help of their professor’s assistants.

6.Mr. Hall tries to illustrate his lectures with numerous tables and figures.

7.There is something interesting about the properties of this gas in Mr. Hall’s scientific paper.

8.By some experiments the lecturer illustrates the measurement of gas pressure.

IV. Выберите соответствующее неопределенное местоимение из данных ниже:

1.There hang (несколько) drawings on the wall.

2.Do you see (кого-нибудь) in the classroom?

3.Take (любой) journal from the bookcase.

4.My friend told me (ничего) about our mathematics circle.

a)any; b) nothing; c) some; d) anybody; e) somebody.

Task №2.

I. Раскройте скобки, заменяя инфинитив нужной формой глагола – сказуемого.

1.“You (to see) the new picture by Picasso?” “Yes.” “How you (to like) it?” “I like it very much.”

2.“You ever (to be) to Leningrad?” “Yes, I (to go) there last winter.”

3.“Is Father at home” “No, he (not to come) yet.”

4.I just (to finish) work and (to read) a book now.

5.“Where’s your son?” “He (not to come) home from school yet. I think he still (to play) football.”

6.“When your children (to come) back to town?” “They (not to come) back yet.”

7.You (to do) the translation already? You only (to begin) it 20 minutes ago.

II. Определите время сказуемого в предложениях:

1.Since ancient times nature has served Man.

2.The pollution of our environment will lead our planet to a global catastrophe.

3.There are a lot of international organizations in the world.

4.The scientists had discussed the program of environmental protection when the conference began.

5.People always polluted their surroundings.

6.We can plant trees and create parks for endangered animals.

7.In addition environmental pollution spoils the nature beauty of our planet.

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8.Overpopulation is destroying our environment.

a)Present Indefinite; b) Past Indefinite; c) Future Indefinite; d) Present Continuous;

e)Present Perfect; f) Past Perfect.

Task №3.

I. Выберите перевод выделенных слов:

A

1.to refer – a) посылать; b) относиться; c) объяснять.

2.surface – a) внешность; b) поверхность; c) земля.

3.to die out – a) захлопнуть; b) вымереть; c) исчезнуть.

4.falling – a) понижение; b) падение; c) выпадение.

5.to disperse – a) разгонять; b) разбрасывать; c) распространять.

6.effort – a) напряжение; b) усилие; c) достижение.

7.damage – a) убыток; b) вред; c) повреждение.

8.breakdown – a) упадок; b) разрушение; c) распад.

9.harmful – a) пагубный; b) вредный; c) обидный.

10.harmony – a) гармония; b) созвучие; c) согласие.

B

1.запасы – a) reserves; b) supply; c) stock.

2.отбросы – a) scrap; b) garbage; c) waste.

3.убедить – a) convince; b) to persuade; c) prevail.

4.страдать – a) damage; b) to suffer; c) victim.

5.запрещать – a) forbid; b) to prohibit; c) interdict.

6.загрязнение – a) soiling; b) dirty; c) pollution.

7.обеспечивать – a) secure; b) to provide; c) ensure.

8.опасный – a) cautious; b) dangerous; c) perilous.

9.сохранение – a) conservation; b) preservation; c) reservation.

10.неблагоприятный – a) inauspicious; b) unfavourable; c) defective.

II. Выберите русское предложение, эквивалентное английскому:

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1) We should stop the pollution of air and water.

a) Мы должны остановить загрязнение воздуха и воды.

b) Нам необходимо прекратить загрязнение атмосферы и воды. c) Нам следует остановить загрязнение воздуха и воды.

2)The planet urgently needs population control.

a)Планете необходим срочный контроль за населением.

b)Планета срочно нуждается в контроле за населением.

c)Планете срочно нужен контроль населения.

3)There is a very dangerous situation in India.

a) Очень опасная ситуация и в Индии.

b) Существует опасная ситуация в Индии. c) В Индии – очень опасная ситуация.

4) Pollution is as complicated as serious problem.

a) Загрязнение является как сложной, так и серьёзной проблемой.

b) Проблема загрязнения окружающей среды так же сложна, как и серьёзна.

c) Загрязнение окружающей среды – так же сложная, как и серьёзная проблема.

Task №4.

I. Пользуясь словарём, переведите письменно следующие предложения.

1.Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect.

2.Recycling is the processing of used objects and materials so that they can be used again.

3.Recycling saves energy and raw materials and also reduces damage to the countryside.

4.Factories, power stations and motor vehicles pump large quantities of carbon dioxide and other waste gases into the air.

5.Acid rain damages trees and buildings and can kill fish in lakes and rivers.

6.Rivers can also be polluted by industrial waste from factories and chemical fertilizers and pesticides used by farmers.

7.Rainforests help to control global warning because they absorb carbon dioxide.

Test №3 (вариант 3)

Контрольная работа на повторение пройденного материала (Lessons 6 – 8) и материала, выносимого на самостоятельное изучение дисциплины.

Task №1.

I. Образуйте существительные с помощью данных суффиксов.

–ist: physic, telegraph, special, social.

–er: to read, to lecture, to report, to convert.

–or: to construct, to translate, to generate, to act.

–ing: to draw, to read, to begin.

–ment: to measure, to develop.

–th: long, broad, strong.

–tion: to construct, to illustrate, to express.

–ation: to combine, to inform.

–stion: to divide, to decide, to convert.

–ssion: to transmit, to permit.

II. Замените личные местоимения, данные в скобках, соответствующими притяжательными местоимениями.

1.I have some notebooks and pencils in (I) brief-case.

2.(She) family was in London.

3.Those are (we) instruments.

4.(He) examples were always interesting.

5.These are (they) friends.

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6.Is this (you) child? Yes, it is (we) child.

7.This is a square. All (it) angles are right.

III. Раскройте скобки, выбрав нужную форму глагола; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.There (is, are) a nice park in our city.

2.There (is, are) a table and four chairs in my sister’s room.

3.There (is, are) some letters on the table.

4.There (wasn’t, weren’t) a college here last year.

5.There (was, were) very many children in the park yesterday.

6.There (will, shall) be a lot of students at the lecture today.

IV. Вставьте нужный вспомогательный глагол shall/will или shan’t/won’t.

1.What do you think life … be like in the twenty-first century?

2.I …n’t stay long here.

3.I think I … watch television tonight.

4.In the next century people … fly to other planets.

5.… you help me with my luggage?

6.We …n’t be there for ever.

Task №2.

I. Определите время сказуемого в предложениях:

1.Since ancient times nature has served Man.

2.The pollution of our environment will lead our planet to a global catastrophe.

3.There are a lot of international organizations in the world.

4.The scientists had discussed the program of environmental protection when the conference began.

5.People always polluted their surroundings.

6.We can plant trees and create parks for endangered animals.

7.In addition environmental pollution spoils the nature beauty of our planet.

8.Overpopulation is destroying our environment.

a)Present Indefinite; b) Past Indefinite; c) Future Indefinite; d) Present Continuous;

e)Present Perfect; f) Past Perfect.

II. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there is (there are).

1.У меня на столе интересная книга. На столе есть интересная книга.

2.У вас в диктанте нет ошибок. В этом диктанте нет ошибок.

3.Здесь есть много интересных статей. У неё здесь много интересных статей.

4.На лекции много студентов. У них на лекции много студентов.

5.У него были некоторые ошибки в докладе. В его докладе были некоторые ошибки.

III. Определите время сказуемого: a) Present, b) Past Indefinite, c) Future Indefinite.

1.The scientist made lots of experiments.

2.The students will continue research in a laboratory.

3.How does the lecturer explain this complex process?

4.Will you go to the lecture tomorrow?

5.Students do research at the Institutes.

Task №3.

I. Выберите перевод выделенных слов.

A

1.to refer – a) посылать; b) относиться; c) объяснять.

2.surface – a) внешность; b) поверхность; c) земля.

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3.to die out – a) захлопнуть; b) вымереть; c) исчезнуть.

4.falling – a) понижение; b) падение; c) выпадение.

5.to disperse – a) разгонять; b) разбрасывать; c) распространять.

6.effort – a) напряжение; b) усилие; c) достижение.

7.damage – a) убыток; b) вред; c) повреждение.

8.breakdown – a) упадок; b) разрушение; c) распад.

9.harmful – a) пагубный; b) вредный; c) обидный.

10.harmony – a) гармония; b) созвучие; c) согласие.

B

1.вещество – a) matter; b) substances; c) compound.

2.ужасный – a) terrible; b) horrible; c) awful.

3.слой – a) stratum; b) layer; c) section.

4.разрушение – a) demolition; b) destruction; c) contradiction.

5.уменьшать – a) to decrease; b) to reduce; c) to diminish.

6.отходы – a) scraps; b) pollutants; c) waste material.

7.угрожать – a) to menace; b) to threaten; c) to ruin.

8.сжигание – a) burning; b) combustion; c) cremation.

9.дышать – a) to respire; b) to breathe; c) to blow.

10.предприятие – a) venture; b) enterprise; c) undertaking.

II. Выберите русское предложение, эквивалентное английскому:

1) We should stop the pollution of air and water.

a) Мы должны остановить загрязнение воздуха и воды.

b) Нам необходимо прекратить загрязнение атмосферы и воды. c) Нам следует остановить загрязнение воздуха и воды.

2) The planet urgently needs population control.

a) Планете необходим срочный контроль за населением. b) Планета срочно нуждается в контроле за населением. c) Планете срочно нужен контроль населения.

3) There is a very dangerous situation in India.

a) Очень опасная ситуация и в Индии.

b) Существует опасная ситуация в Индии. c) В Индии – очень опасная ситуация.

4) Pollution is as complicated as serious problem.

a) Загрязнение является как сложной, так и серьёзной проблемой.

b) Проблема загрязнения окружающей среды так же сложна, как и серьёзна.

c) Загрязнение окружающей среды – так же сложная, как и серьёзная проблема.

Task №4.

I. Выберите предложения, эквивалентные данным английским.

1.People always polluted their surroundings.

a)Люди всегда загрязняли всё вокруг.

b)Люди всегда загрязняли своё окружение.

c)Люди всегда загрязняли окружающую среду.

2.Environmental protection is of a universal concern.

a)Экологическая защита – всеобщая забота.

b)Защита окружающей среды – является универсальной проблемой.

c)Защита окружающей среды – всеобщая забота.

3.Global warming is sometimes referred to as the green house effect.

a)Глобальное потепление иногда рассматривают как парниковый эффект.

b)Глобальное потепление иногда соотносят с парниковым эффектом.

c)Глобальное потепление соотносят к парниковому эффекту.

4.Scientist and engineers can find the ways to reduce pollution of our environment.

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a)Ученые и инженеры могут найти пути сокращения вредных выбросов в окружающую среду.

b)Ученые и инженеры смогут найти способы уменьшить загрязнение окружающей среды.

c)Ученые и инженеры могут найти пути, чтобы уменьшить загрязнения нашей окружающей среды.

II. Пользуясь словарём, переведите письменно следующие предложения.

1.Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect.

2.Recycling is the processing of used objects and materials so that they can be used again.

3.Recycling saves energy and raw materials and also reduces damage to the countryside.

4.Factories, power stations and motor vehicles pump large quantities of carbon dioxide and other waste gases into the air.

5.Acid rain damages trees and buildings and can kill fish in lakes and rivers.

6.Rivers can also be polluted by industrial waste from factories and chemical fertilizers and pesticides used by farmers.

7.Rainforests help to control global warning because they absorb carbon dioxide.

Test №4 (вариант 1)

Контрольная работа на повторение пройденного материала (Lessons 6 – 8) и материала, выносимого на самостоятельное изучение дисциплины.

Task №1.

I. Выделите суффиксы существительных и переведите слова на русский язык: scientist, doctor, reporter, operator, measurement, multiplication, dimension, depth, width, beginning, division, production, drawing, conversion, subtraction, professor, specialist, profession, function, radiator.

II. Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на значение предлогов: of: the pressure of water, to speak of something, one of them.

to: to show to the students, to go to the factory, to turn to the right.

by: to operate by hand, to speak by telephone, by means of a battery, to sit by the window. with: to illustrate with tables, to write with a pencil, a tube with water, to speak with our friends. about: to speak about the lecture, to do about 15 experiments.

III. Напишите цифрами числительные:

the seventeenth, two hundred and sixty-one, the forties, the eighth, the eleventh, the seven hundred and seventy-fifth, five thousand eight hundred and one, one thousand three hundred, four hundred and ten.

IV. Переведите на английский язык порядковые числительные:

первый, второй, третий, одиннадцатый, двенадцатый, тринадцатый, пятый, семнадцатый, двадцатый, восьмой.

Task №2.

I. Укажите номера предложений, сказуемые которых стоят в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

1.The history of Internet began in the United States in 1961.

2.Modern computers can be divided into several categories on the basis of cost and performance.

3.The Internet has already entered our life.

4.Electronic systems are being widely spread all over the world nowadays.

5.Most of the people use the Internet.

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6.The term computer is often used to mean only the digital computer.

7.The most important problem is security.

8.Steps have been taken to increase the speed of sending up messages.

9.Since electronic computers were first used in scientific and engineering computation.

10.The international exchange programmes will be developed still further in future.

II. Выберите правильный перевод сказуемого:

1.Computers represent a completely new branch of science. The engineers will represent a new generation of computers. Modern computers are represented by this company.

a)представляли; b) представлены ; c) будут представлять; d) представляют.

2.The tests have been carried out well.

The tests were being carried out well. The tests are being carried out well.

a) выполняются; b) выполнялись; с) были выполнены; d) будут выполнены.

III. Выберите предложения, эквивалентные данным английским:

1.The students will be shown some models of new computers.

a)Студентам показали модели новых компьютеров.

b)Студентам покажут модели новых компьютеров.

c)Студенты покажут модели новых компьютеров.

2.Complex calculations were followed by experiments.

a)За эксперимента последовали сложные вычисления.

b)За сложными вычислениями последовали сложные эксперименты.

c)За сложными вычислениями следуют эксперименты.

Task №3.

I. Выберите перевод выделенных слов:

A

1.application – a) приложение; b) употребление; c) применение.

2.storage – a) склад; b) накопление; c) хранение.

3.handling – a) обращение; b) управление; c) обработка.

4.overload – a) переноска; b) перегрузка; c) перенапряжение.

5.massage – a) массаж; b) заметка; c) послание.

6.to receive – a) получать; b) принимать; c) признавать.

7.invention – a) выдумка; b) изобретательность; c) изобретение.

8.to provide – a) снабжать; b) заготовлять; c) доставлять.

B

1.исследование – a) dimension; b) subject; c) research.

2.улучшать – a) exist; b) improve; c) establish.

3.иногда – a) together; b) usually; c) sometimes.

4.посылать – a) supply; b) serve; c) send.

5.клиент – a) client; b) customer; c) patron.

6.операция – a) operation; b) transmission; c) transaction.

7.источник – a) source; b) spring; c) foundation.

8.выполнять – a) fulfill; b) perform; c) carry out.

Task №4.

I. Переведите письменно следующий текст, пользуясь словарем. Parts of a computer system.

The computer system is divided into two parts. The first is the hardware – that is the mechanical parts of system, including the machine itself and the peripheral devices. The second part is the software which consists of the programs that are processed. Software is a very important part

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of the system since it is only through accurate programs that the equipment will return accurate results.

Because programs are so important many companies that have computers also have large staffs of people who specialize in designing software for their particular needs. These people are the programmers. Just as small companies rent time on computers, they also frequently hire programmers for a period of time from firms that specialize in preparing software. Once a basic program has been worked out for a small company, the company usually has no further need for a large programming staff. At that point the hired programmers go on to work on software for another customer.

Because of the high cost of both software and hardware the practice of renting what is needed for only as long it is needed has become very common. Even if a company cannot afford a highspeed computer, it can usually afford to rent time on one.

II. Выберите правильные ответы на следующие вопросы.

1.How many parts is the computer system divided into?

a)The computer system is divided into three parts.

b)The computer system is divided into two parts.

c)The computer system is divided into five parts.

2.What is a very important part of the system?

a)Hardware is a very important part of the system.

b)The machine itself is a very important part of the system.

c)Software is a very important part of the system.

3.What staffs of people have many companies?

a)Many companies have staffs of people who specialize in preparing software.

b)Many companies have large staffs of people who rent times on computers.

c)Many companies have large staffs of people who specialize in designing software for

their practical needs.

Test №4 (вариант 2)

Контрольная работа на повторение пройденного материала (Lessons 6 – 8) и материала, выносимого на самостоятельное изучение дисциплины.

Task №1.

I. Образуйте множественное число от следующих существительных:

a nucleus, a crisis, the basis, this phenomenon, that institute, a man, a woman, the child, a tooth, a foot.

II. Образуйте существительные с помощью данных суффиксов. Переведите исходные и производные слова.

-inty: equal, human, active, relative, productive. -ness: thick, black, great, rough.

-ance: important, assistant, distant. -ence: different, dependent, present. -ency: efficient, dependent.

-age: use, pass, break, leak.

III. Выберите соответствующее неопределенное местоимение из данных ниже:

1.There hang (несколько) drawings on the wall.

2.Do you see (кого-нибудь) in the classroom?

3.Take (любой) journal from the bookcase.

4.My friend told me (ничего) about our mathematics circle.

a)any; b) nothing; c) some; d) anybody; e) somebody.

IV. Напишите цифрами числительные:

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eighteen, the fifteenth, first, thirteenth, six hundred and fifty-one, twenty-five, seven hundred and four, three thousand six hundred and seventy eight, one thousand three hundred.

Task №2.

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различие перевода оборота there + be.

a)1. There are many students at the lecture today.

2.There were cars in front of the house. There were several man there too.

b)1. There are hundreds of different plastics.

2.There are several kinds of surfaces.

c)1. In the corner of the room there stands a book case.

2.There hangs a clock over the book case.

II.Определите время сказуемого:

a)Present Indefinite; b) Past Indefinite; c) Future Indefinite;

d)Present Continuous; e) Past Continuous; f) Present Perfect; g) Past Perfect.

1.Every year in spring and winter the students take exams.

2.Don’t go into that room, the students are taking their exam there.

3.In spring they will take exams in four subjects.

4.Last week we passed exams in English.

5.The students of our group have passed their exams very well.

6.We had studied hard before we took our exams.

7.The students were taking exams yesterday at 10 o’clock.

III. Выберите правильный перевод сказуемого в страдательном залоге:

1.The letters will be sent tomorrow.

2.The letters were sent yesterday.

3.The letters are sent every day.

4.The letters had been sent before you came.

5.The letters were being sent when I came.

6.The letters have been sent today.

7.The letters are being sent now.

a)посылают ежедневно; b) посылают сейчас; c) послали вчера;

d) послали сегодня; e) пошлют завтра; f) посылали когда я пришел; g) послали до того как вы пришли.

IV. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, выбрав правильную форму сказуемого:

1.Этот дом был построен в прошлом году.

2.Этот дом строили, когда я вернулся в город.

3.Новые дома строят каждый день.

4.Сейчас здесь строится новый дом.

5.Этот дом был уже построен, когда я приехал сюда.

6.Много домов будет построено в следующем месяце.

7.Этот дом выстроили в этом году.

a)is being built; b) was built; c) will be built; d) was being built; e) has been built;

f)are built g) had been built.

Task №3.

I. Выберите перевод выделенных слов.

A

1.to span – a) измерять; b) охватывать; c) соединять.

2.to share – a) участвовать; b) разделять; c) делить.

3.distinct – a) отдельный; b) отличный; c) разный.

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4.query – a) запрос; b) вопрос; c) опрос.

5.path – a) тропа; b) дорожка; c) путь.

6.available – a) полезный; b) доступный; c) наличный.

7.accurate – a) точный; b) правильный; c) верный.

8.rapidly – a) круто; b) скоро; c) быстро.

9.external – a) наружный; b) внешний; c) иностранный.

10.capability – a) способность; b) возможность; c) одаренность.

B

1.создавать – a) make; b) create; c) establish.

2.дорогой – a) expensive; b) dear; c) darling.

3.цифровой – a) figures; b) digital; c) dial.

4.напряжение – a) effort; b) tension; c) voltage.

5.способность – a) ability; b) capability; c) aptitude.

6.достигать – a) reach; b) attain; c) achieve.

7.засорение – a) obstruction; b) choking; c) clog.

8.количество – a) amount; b) quantity; c) number.

9.надежный – a) safe; b) reliable; c) dependable.

10.печатать – a) type; b) print; c) publish.

II. Переведите следующие предложения, пользуясь словарем.

1.Since electronic computers were first used in scientific and engineering computation, solving primarily mathematical problems, many of the terms came from this mathematical background.

2.Software was defined as anything and everything related to an electronic computer that is not present in hardware.

3.Increasingly, computers are also being used in teaching and training.

4.New applications are being made possible due to the compactness and low cost of microcomputer-based systems.

5.Electronic systems are being widely spread all over the world nowadays.

6.Steps have been taken to increase the speed of sending up messages.

7.The report of the lab has been widely discussed and has been a stimulus for further investigations.

8.The capacity of the computer for strong, processing and displaying information has been greatly increased by microelectronics.

9.Electromagnets can be used to send messages.

10.All the programming languages may be divided into high-level languages and machine-level languages.

III. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Эволюцию (развитие) цифровых компьютеров часто разделяют на поколения.

2.Аналитическая машина была спроектирована в 1842.

3.Компьютер – это машина со сложной сетью электронных цепей.

4.Основной задачей компьютера является обработка данных.

5.Компьютер может выполнять сотни и даже тысячи логических операций.

6.Первая попытка создать электронный компьютер принадлежала проф. Атанасову в 1937г.

7.Компьютеры могут осуществлять очень сложные операции за чрезвычайно короткое время

– за секунды или даже доли (fraction) секунды.

8.Компьютер может осуществлять определенный набор инструкций, но эти инструкции могут сочетаться в бесконечной (infinite) последовательности.

9.Компьютеры хранят информацию на дисках в файлах.

10.Современный компьютер может решать сложные задачи в миллион раз быстрее, чем квалифицированный математик.

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Modern computers are represented by this company.

a)представляли; b) представлены ; c) будут представлять; d) представляют.

2.The tests have been carried out well.

The tests were being carried out well. The tests are being carried out well.

a) выполняются; b) выполнялись; с) были выполнены; d) будут выполнены.

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различие перевода оборота there + be.

a)1. There are many students at the lecture today.

2.There were cars in front of the house. There were several man there too.

b)1. There are hundreds of different plastics.

2.There are several kinds of surfaces.

c)1. In the corner of the room there stands a book case.

2.There hangs a clock over the book case.

III. Выберите предложения, эквивалентные данным английским:

1.The students will be shown some models of new computers.

a)Студентам показали модели новых компьютеров.

b)Студентам покажут модели новых компьютеров.

c)Студенты покажут модели новых компьютеров.

2.Complex calculations were followed by experiments.

a)За эксперимента последовали сложные вычисления.

b)За сложными вычислениями последовали сложные эксперименты.

c)За сложными вычислениями следуют эксперименты.

Task №3.

I. Выберите перевод выделенных слов:

A

1.application – a) приложение; b) употребление; c) применение.

2.storage – a) склад; b) накопление; c) хранение.

3.handling – a) обращение; b) управление; c) обработка.

4.overload – a) переноска; b) перегрузка; c) перенапряжение.

5.massage – a) массаж; b) заметка; c) послание.

6.to receive – a) получать; b) принимать; c) признавать.

7.invention – a) выдумка; b) изобретательность; c) изобретение.

8.to provide – a) снабжать; b) заготовлять; c) доставлять.

B

1.создавать – a) make; b) create; c) establish.

2.дорогой – a) expensive; b) dear; c) darling.

3.цифровой – a) figures; b) digital; c) dial.

4.напряжение – a) effort; b) tension; c) voltage.

5.способность – a) ability; b) capability; c) aptitude.

6.достигать – a) reach; b) attain; c) achieve.

7.засорение – a) obstruction; b) choking; c) clog.

8.количество – a) amount; b) quantity; c) number.

9.надежный – a) safe; b) reliable; c) dependable.

10.печатать – a) type; b) print; c) publish.

II. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Эволюцию (развитие) цифровых компьютеров часто разделяют на поколения.

2.Аналитическая машина была спроектирована в 1842.

3.Компьютер – это машина со сложной сетью электронных цепей.