Task 27

One of the underlined words in the following examples was made from the other by means of conversion. Identify the direction of derivation. Use several dictionaries to check the results.

1. We must have breakfast together more often (J. Smith). The Jacksons were breakfasting (P.O. Wodehouse).

2. She kissed Joe on the lips. He returned the kiss (M. Daheim).

3. It almost blinded me (M. Allingham). The room was fairly dark, but he is not exactly blind and he was pink and apologetic when at last I got over there to admit him (M. Allingham).

4. We had a long wait for the bus (S. Redman). If we wait any longer, we may miss the train (R. Redman).

5. It was a lengthy conversation and, judging by the frown on his face when he had finished and she had gone back to her office, an unsatisfactory one (В. Neels). I picked it up and frowned at it, while Brad came trotting after me (J. Smith),

6. The driver braked hard as the child ran onto the road in front of him (Oxford Advanced Learner's Encyclope­dic Dictionary). She put on the brakes quickly (S. Redman).

7. Judith sighed (M. Daheim). Tessa uttered a vexed sigh (M. "Daheim).

8. ...he informed me, holding his glass to the candle (J. Smith). At that point, a little impish fancy began to take a hold of me (R. Dahl).

9. Freddy tried to gain control of his mount, but the terri­fied horse continued to shy (M. Daheim). She discov­ered to her surprise that she didn't feel shy with him (B. Neels).

10. Judith gave a shrug (M. Daheim). Gertrude shrugged, making her heavy cardigan sweater bag even more than usual (M. Daheim).

11. A light glimmered at the end of the passage (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English). Now there came a glimmer of a red light before them (J.R.R. Tolkien).

12. It was a tease, sweetheart (J. Archer). She looked up and met his eyes, still teasing her a little (N. Shute).

13. He set to work to grill the steaks while Jennifer laid out the rest of the meal on a clean cloth upon the grass in the shade of a gum tree (N. Shute). They cooked the steaks and ate them hot from the grill, sitting on the warm grass in the shade of the trees, look­ing out over the blue, misty lines of hills (N. Shute).

14. He took a folded paper from his breast pocket, and began to spread it out (N. Shute). She remembered the garden, scented with escallonia, and the lane that led up onto the moor, and the view from the top, the spread of the bay, the brilliant blue of the sea (R. Pilcher).

15. Judith chuckled back; Renie sipped her rye (M. Daheim). Just as Judith was about to ask the bartender if he had a phone book handy, he uttered another rich chuckle (M. Daheim).

Task 28

What are the semantic relations within these conversion pairs?

Set I

Here the model is N→ V. What does the converted verb denote?

1. skin, n →skin, v "to strip off the skin from" a) action characteristic of the object

2. screw, n → screw, v "to fasten with a screw" b) instrumental use of the object 3. coat, n → coat, v "to put a coat of paint on" c) acquisition or addition of the object

4. butcher, n → butcher, v d) deprivation of the object

"to kill animals for food"

5. whip, n → whip, v "to strike with a whip"

6. bone, n → bone, v "to take bones out of

Set II

Here the model is V →N. What does the converted noun denote?

1.peel, v→ peel, n "the outer skin of fruit or a) instance of the action

potatoes taken off"

2. jump, v → jump, n "a sudden spring

from the ground" b) agent of the action

3. drive, v →drive, n "a path or road along

which one drives” c) place of the action

4. step, v→ step, n "an act of stepping once

(in walking, running, dancing, etc.)"

5. tramp, v→tramp, n "a person with no fixed home

or occupation who wanders from place to place" d) object or result of the action

6. find, v→find, n "some­thing found, especially

Something valuable or pleasant"