- •Internet sources:
- •Lecture # 2. Theme: “Semasiology” (2 hours)
- •Lecture # 3. Theme: “Semantic change ”(2 hours)
- •Lecture # 4. Theme: “Word-formation system of English language” (2 hours)
- •1. Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •Module # 2 Lecture # 5. Theme: “English vocabulary as a system” (2 hours)
- •1) Formal vocabulary (learned words, fiction, poetry).
- •2) Informal vocabulary (slang, dialect words, colloquial words)
- •Lecture # 6. Theme: “Classification of vocabulary according to meaning: Synonyms” (2 hours)
- •Lecture # 7. Theme: “Word combinations and phraseological units” (3 hours)
- •1. The thematic or etymological classification of phraseological units suggested by l.P.Smith.
- •2. The semantic classification of phraseological units suggested by V.V.Vinogradov.
- •3. The structural classification of phraseological units suggested by a.I.Smirnitsky.
- •4. The syntactical classification of phraseological units suggested by I.V.Arnold.
- •5. Classication of phraseological units according to their functions suggested by a.V.Koonin.
- •Theme # 2: “Semasiology” (2 hours)
- •Theme # 3: “Semantic change” (2 hours)
- •Theme # 4: “Word-formation system of English language” (2 hours)
- •Module # 2 Theme # 5: “English vocabulary as a system” (2 hours)
- •Theme # 6: “Classification of vocabulary according to meaning: Synonyms” (2 hours)
- •Theme # 7: “Word combinations and phraseological units” (2 hours)
- •Tutorial # 2. Theme: “Affixation” (2 hours)
- •Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •Origin of suffixes.
- •Productivity.
- •Module 2 Tutorial # 4. Theme: “Social and territorial difference of English vocabulary” (2 hours)
- •Tutorial # 5. Theme: “Classification of vocabulary according to form: Homonyms” (2 hours)
- •Tutorial # 6. Theme: “Classification of vocabulary according to meaning: Antonyms” (2 hours)
- •Tutorial # 7. Theme: “Contrastive Lexicology and Phraseology” (2 hours)
- •Theme # 2: “Ways of formation and classification ways of idioms” (15 hours)
- •Theme # 3: “Lexicography” (15 hours)
Tutorial # 5. Theme: “Classification of vocabulary according to form: Homonyms” (2 hours)
Subtheme # 1: “Sources of homonyms”
Thesis:
Many words may be characterized by a high frequency rating are not connected with meaning, but identical in form, on the contrary different in form, but connected in meaning. That’s why we differentiate English words, as other languages as homonyms, synonyms and antonyms. Two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and origin is called homonyms. F: bank (n)- a shore, an institution for receiving, lending, exchanging and safe-guarding money. English vocabulary is rich in such words and even groups of words. The term is derived from Greek “homos”-similar and “onoma”-name. homonyms exists in many languages, but in English it is frequent, especially among monosyllabic words. From the viewpoint of their morphological structure, they are mostly one-morpheme words. People cannot expect homonyms to be of particular value for communication, metaphorically speaking, homonyms are accidental creations, and therefore purposeless. In the process of communication they are more of an encumbrance, leading sometimes to confusion and misunderstanding. This characteristics of homonyms makes them one of the most important sources of popular humour.
Sources of homonyms:
phonetic changes which words undergo in the course of their historical development. As the result of such changes, two or more words which were formerly pronounced differently may develop identical sound forms and thus become homonyms. F: night-knight were not homonyms in old English as the initial k in the second word was pronounced, but in modern sound form it is not pronounced.
borrowing – a borrowed word may, in initial stage of its phonetic adaptation, duplicate in form either a native word or another borrowing. F: bank (n)-shore is a native word and bank (n)-a financial institution is an Italian borrowing. Match (n)-a game, a contest of skill, strength is native and match (n)-a slender short piece of wood used for producing fire is a French borrowing.
shortening- F: fan (n)-an enthusiastic admirer of some kind of sport or of an actor, singer is a shortening produced from fanatic. This homonym is a Latin borrowing fan (n)-denotes an implement for waving lightly to produce a cool current of air
sound-imitation can also form pairs of homonyms with other words. F: bang (n)-a loud sudden, explosive noise – bang (n)-a fringe of hair combed over the forehead.
split polysemy-two or more homonyms can originate from different meanings of the same word when, for some reason, the semantic structure of the word breaks into several parts. All its constituent meanings are held together by logical associations. The function of the arrangement and the unity is determined by one of the meanings. If this meaning happens to disappear from the word’s semantic structure, associations between the rest of the meanings may be severed, the semantic structure loses its unity and falls into two or more parts which then become accepted as independent lexical units. F: board (n)-a long and thin piece of timber, board (n)-an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activity, e.g. a board of directors. The meanings of these three words are in no way associated with one another. A piece of timber by transference based on contiguity (association of an object and the material from which it is made). The meanings meals and an official group of persons developed from the meaning table also by transference based on contiguity: meals are easily associated with a table on which they are served; an official group of people in authority are also lively to discuss their business round a table.
Literature:
1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999
2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989
3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979
4. Electronic book of the university:
Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.
Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001
5. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S
Problematic questions:
- What are the important sources of homonyms?
- What circumstances cause and simulate their development?
- What features differentiate homonyms from antonyms and synonyms?
- What are the functions of homonyms?
Subtheme # 2: “Classification of homonyms”
Thesis:
We can mention three types of homonyms.
1) homonyms proper are the words which are the same in sound and spelling, e.g. ball-ball
2) homophones are words which are the same in sound but different in spelling, e.g. bean-been 3) homographs are words which are the same in spelling but different in sound, e.g. to lead-to conduct on the way, go before to show the way; lead-a heavy, rather soft metal
Homonyms may belong both the same and to different categories of parts of speech. According to professor A.I.Smirnitsky classified homonyms into two large classes:
1) full or complete homonyms. They are words which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm. Paradigm is the system of the grammatical forms of a word. F: match (n)- a game, a contest; match (n)-a short piece of wood used for producing fire.
2) partial homonyms are subdivided into three subgroups: a) simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words which belong to the same category of parts of speech. Their paradigms have one identical form, but it never the same form, as will be seen from the examples as found (v), found (v)-past indef, past part of to find; b) complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words of different categories of parts of speech which have one identical form in their paradigms. F: rose (n)-rose (v)-pas indef, past part of to rise; c) partial lexical homonyms are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms. F: to hang (hung, hung) (v)- to hang (hanged, hanged) (v)
Literature:
1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999
2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989
3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979
4. Electronic book of the university:
Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.
Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001
5. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S
Problematic questions:
- What are the basic classification types of homonyms?
- What are the differentiating features of general types and classification suggested by A.I. Smirnitsky?