Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Лексикология план лекций.rtf
Скачиваний:
35
Добавлен:
11.07.2019
Размер:
970.52 Кб
Скачать

Ablai khan University of International Relations and World Languages

Romano-Germanic Philology Department

Chair of English Philology

Lectures on the course of English Lexicology

2010-2011 a.y.

Module # 1

Lecture # 1. Theme: (2 hours) “Lexicology”.

Subtheme # 1: “The aims and principles of Lexicology”

Thesis:

Lexicology (from Greek origin lexis – “word” and logos – “science”) is the brunch or part of linguistics which deals with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language. The term “vocabulary” is used to denote the system of words and word-groups that the language possesses. The literal meaning of the term Lexicology is “the science of the word”. The basic task of Lexicology is the study and systematic description of the vocabulary of some particular language in respect to its origin, development and current use. In other words, Lexicology is concerned with words and word-combinations (or word-groups), phraseological units and morphemes which make up words.

Lexicology must be separated from the rest of the linguistic disciplines. In contrast with phonology, morphology and syntax, it is essentially a socio-linguistic discipline. Lexicology, then is the part of linguistics which is concerned with the “lexis” or the study and analysis of words.

Literature:

1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999

2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989

3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979

4. R.Z. Ginaburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1973

5. T.I. Arbekova “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1977

Additional literature:

1. A.V. Minajeva, B.K.Trnolieva “Modern English Lexicology”, 1989

2. E.M. Mednikova “Seminars in English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1978

Internet sources:

1. file: // A: // lexicographical problems.htm.

2. file: // A: // ling. Dictionaries.htm.

3. www.google.com.

4. www.yahoo.com

5. www.rambler.com

6. ftp: // ftp.clres.com/pub/clres/lexicology/primer.txt-2003

7. file: // A: / Lora. Doc/ from.Latin.htm-2003

8. Electronic book of the university:

Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.

Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001

9. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S.

Problematic questions:

- How aims and objectives of Lexicology are differentiated?

- Are there any new problems of Lexicology today?

- What are the theoretical and practical values of Lexicology?

- What is the origin of Lexicology?

- What are the linguistic and literal meaning of the term Lexicology?

Subtheme # 2: “The object of Lexicology”

Thesis:

The object of Lexicology is a word and word-combinations or word-groups. When we study Lexicology we should research the word and word-combinations in different sides, for example, its origin, meaning or semantics, development, multilevel structure.

As the main object a word has many functions. The term “word” denotes the main lexical unit of a language resulting from the association of a group of sounds with a meaning. It is the smallest unit of a language which can stand alone as a complete utterance.

A word is a language unit has a particular sound complex, has a particular meaning, is capable of a particular grammatical employment and able to form a sentence by itself.

A word is a unit of speech which serves the purposes of human communication.

The definition of a word is one of the most difficult in linguistics because the simplest word has many different aspects. Being the central element of any language system the word is a sort of focus for the problems of phonology, lexicology, syntax, morphology and also for some other sciences that have to deal with language and speech, such as philosophy, psychology and probably quite a few other branches of knowledge. Any definition that was given to word is conditioned by the aims and interests of its author.

The complete correct definition of the word is a speech unit used for the purposes of communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, belong to grammatical employment and characterised by formal and semantic unity.

The modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between the external and internal structures of the word.

On Lexicology course we analyze the word according to three structures: the morphological, semantic, stylistic. There are several linguistic functions of a word: nominative, significative (polysemantic), expressive, communicative, descriptive, pragmatic.

Literature:

1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999

2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989

3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979

4. R.Z. Ginaburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1973

5. T.I. Arbekova “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1977

Additional literature:

1. A.V. Minajeva, B.K.Trnolieva “Modern English Lexicology”, 1989

2. E.M. Mednikova “Seminars in English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1978

Internet sources:

1. file: // A: // lexicographical problems.htm.

2. file: // A: // ling. Dictionaries.htm.

3. www.google.com.

4. www.yahoo.com

5. www.rambler.com

6. ftp: // ftp.clres.com/pub/clres/lexicology/primer.txt-2003

7. file: // A: / Lora. Doc/ from.Latin.htm-2003

8. Electronic book of the university:

Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.

Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001

9. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S.

Problematic questions:

- Why do we say that word has multilevel structure?

- What are the linguistic functions of a word?

- What is the difference between a word and a morpheme?

- What is the concrete and final linguistic definition of a word?

Subtheme #3: “The types of Lexicology”

Thesis:

Lexicology is divided into General, Special, within Special Historical and Descriptive, Comparative and Contrastive types.

1) General Lexicology is part of General Linguistics, it is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language.

2) Special Lexicology is the Lexicology of a particular language, i.e. the study and description of its vocabulary and units, primarily words as the main units of language. It goes without saying that every special lexicology has its own inner branches as historical and descriptive lexicology.

Historical (Diachronic) Lexicology is a branch of linguistics discusses the origin of different words, their change and development, their semantic relations and the development of their sound form and meaning. (Greek dia-“through” and chronos – “time”)

Descriptive (Synchronic) Lexicology deals with the vocabulary of a given language at a given stage of its development. It studies the vocabulary at a definite stage of its development. The Descriptive Lexicology of the English language deals with the English word in its morphological and semantic structures, investigating the interdependence between these two aspects. (Greek syn-“together, with” and chronos – “time”)

3) Comparative and Contrastive Lexicology aims to study the correlation between the vocabularies of two or more languages and find out the correspondences between the vocabulary units of the languages under comparison. The difference between the terms comparative and contrastive is that comparative methods give the similarities and differences of vocabulary of related languages and contrastive aims to investigate the vocabulary of non-related languages.

Literature:

1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999

2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989

3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979

4. R.Z. Ginaburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1973

5. T.I. Arbekova “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1977

Additional literature:

1. A.V. Minajeva, B.K.Trnolieva “Modern English Lexicology”, 1989

2. E.M. Mednikova “Seminars in English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1978

Internet sources:

1. file: // A: // lexicographical problems.htm.

2. file: // A: // ling. Dictionaries.htm.

3. www.google.com.

4. www.yahoo.com

5. www.rambler.com

6. ftp: // ftp.clres.com/pub/clres/lexicology/primer.txt-2003

7. file: // A: / Lora. Doc/ from.Latin.htm-2003

8. Electronic book of the university:

Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.

Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001

9. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S.

Problematic questions:

- What are the characteristic features of each type of Lexicology?

- What is the difference between the terms comparative and contrastive?

- What is the origin of diachronic and synchronic types of Lexicology?

- What are the differences between related and non-related languages?

Subtheme # 4:Links of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics”

Thesis:

Lexicology is closely connected with the Theory of Phonetics, the Theory of Grammar, Stylistics, the History of a language, the General Linguistics, the Theory and practice of Translation.

The connection of Lexicology with the Theory of Phonetics is very important. It is important to know that the words consist of phonemes, they have no meaning of their own, the meaning is introduced on the level of morphemes. A close connection between Lexicology and Grammar is conditioned by the inseperable ties between the objects of their study. Even isolated words as presented in a dictionary bear a definite relation to the grammatical system of the language, because they belong to some part of speech and confirm to some lexico-grammatical characteristic of the word class to which they belong. Words seldom occur in isolation. Alongside with their lexical meaning they possess some grammatical meaning.

Stylistics are the problems of meaning, synonyms, differentiation of vocabulary according to the sphere of communication and some other issues. To find out the images hidden in their root and their stylistic properties, is the meaning of a literary text whether prosaic or poetic in order to know the message the author has to convey.

Phonetics (phonemes, morphemes), Grammar (part-of-speech, sentence, word patterns), Stylistics (images hidden in the root, metaphor, metonymy), History of a language (borrowings, territorial variants, etymology, evolution), General linguistics (semantic field, terminology, phraseological units, new words), theory and practice of translation (context, meaning).

Literature:

1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999

2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989

3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979

4. R.Z. Ginaburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1973

5. T.I. Arbekova “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1977

Additional literature:

1. A.V. Minajeva, B.K.Trnolieva “Modern English Lexicology”, 1989

2. E.M. Mednikova “Seminars in English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1978

Internet sources:

1. file: // A: // lexicographical problems.htm.

2. file: // A: // ling. Dictionaries.htm.

3. www.google.com.

4. www.yahoo.com

5. www.rambler.com

6. ftp: // ftp.clres.com/pub/clres/lexicology/primer.txt-2003

7. file: // A: / Lora. Doc/ from.Latin.htm-2003

8. Electronic book of the university:

Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.

Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001

9. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S.

Problematic questions:

- What links of lexicology with other branches of linguistics is more subjective and help to contribute the discipline?

- How can we explain the connections of Lexicology with Phonetics?

- How can we explain the connections of Lexicology with Grammar?

- How can ewe xplain the connections of Lexicology with Stylistics?

- How can we explain the connections of Lexicology with the History of a language?

- How can we explain the connections of Lexicology with Translation?

Subtheme # 5: “The morphological structure of the words. Types of morphemes”.

Thesis:

By external structure of the word we mean its morphological structure. A morpheme is also an association of a given meaning with a given sound pattern. But unlike a word it is not autonomous. Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words, not independently, that is why the morpheme may be defined as the minimum meaningful language unit.

The internal structure of the word, or its meaning is nowadays commonly referred to as the word’s semantic structure. This certainly the word’s main aspect.

The main unit of the lexical system of a language resulting from the association of a group of sounds with a meaning is a word. This unit is used in grammatical functions characteristic of it. It is the smallest language unit which can stand alone as a complete utterance.

A word, however, can be divided into smaller sense units – morphemes. The morpheme is the smallest meaningful language unit. Morphemes are divided into two large groups: lexical and grammatical morphemes. Both lexical and grammatical morphemes can be free and bound. Free lexical morphemes are roots of words which express the lexical meaning of the word, they coincide with the stem of simple words. Free grammatical morphemes are function words: articles, conjunctions and prepositions.

Bound lexical morphemes are affixes: prefixes, suffixes and also blocked root morphemes. Bound grammatical morphemes are inflexions (endings).

According to the nature and the number of morphemes constituting a word there are different structural types of words in English: simple, derived, compound, compound-derived.

Simple words consist of one root morpheme and an inflexion.

Derived words consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion.

Compound words consist of two or more root morphemes and an inflexion.

Compound – derived words consist of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion.

When speaking about the structure of words stems also should be mentioned. The stem is the part of the word which remains unchanged throughout the paradigm of the word. The stems, the same as words, can be simple, derived, compound and compound-derived.

According to the role morphemes can be divided into roots and affixes. Roots are the words which express the lexical meaning of the word, they coincide with the stem of simple words.

Affixes can be divided into suffixes, prefixes and infixes. A suffix is a derivational morpheme following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of speech or a different word class. The main function of suffixes is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. A prefix is a derivational morpheme standing before the root and modifying meaning. An infix is an affix placed within the word.

According to the position morphemes can be divided into prefixes, suffixes and infixes.

According to the functions and meaning morphemes can be divided into derivational, functional, productive and non-productive.

Literature:

1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999

2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989

3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979

4. R.Z. Ginaburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1973

5. T.I. Arbekova “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1977

Additional literature:

1. A.V. Minajeva, B.K.Trnolieva “Modern English Lexicology”, 1989

2. E.M. Mednikova “Seminars in English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1978

Internet sources:

1. file: // A: // lexicographical problems.htm.

2. file: // A: // ling. Dictionaries.htm.

3. www.google.com.

4. www.yahoo.com

5. www.rambler.com

6. ftp: // ftp.clres.com/pub/clres/lexicology/primer.txt-2003

7. file: // A: / Lora. Doc/ from.Latin.htm-2003

8. Electronic book of the university:

Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.

Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001

9. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S.

Problematic questions:

- Why is it important to analyze the word from the morphological, semantic and stylistic points of view?

- According to what criteria do we distinguish productive and non-productive morphemes?

- What are the aims and principles of morphemic analysis?

- What is the difference between external and internal structures of a word?

- What are the types of morphemes according to role, position, functions and meaning?

- What are the differences between lexical and grammatical, free and bound morphemes?

- What are the basic types of a stem?

Subtheme # 6:Problems of Lexicology”

Thesis:

The problems of Lexicology:

    1. Word-formation

    2. Semasiology and types of word meaning

    3. Paradigmatic (synonymy and functional style) and syntagmatic relations of words

    4. Phraseology

    5. Lexicography. Types of dictionaries.

    6. The study of vocabulary as a system.

The problem of word-building is associated with prevailing morphological word-structures and with processes of making new words. Semantics is the study of meaning. Modern approaches to this problem are characterized by two different levels of study: syntagmatic and paradigmatic.

On the syntagmatic level, the semantic structure of the word is analysed in its linear relationships with neighbouring words in connected speech. In other words, the semantic characteristics of the word are observed, described and studied on the basis of its typical contexts.

On the paradigmatic level, the word is studied in its relationships with other words in the vocabulary system. So, a word may be studied in comparison with other words of similar meaning.

Phraseology is the branch of lexicology specializing in word-groups which are characterized by stability of structure and transferred meaning.

One further important objective of lexicological studies is the study of the vocabulary of a language as a system. The vocabulary can be studied synchronically, that is, at a given stage of its development, or diachronically, that is, in the context of the processes through which it grew, developed and acquired its modern form.

Lexicography is the branch of lexicology that deals with the problems of dictionary compiling.

Literature:

1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999

2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989

3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979

4. R.Z. Ginaburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1973

5. T.I. Arbekova “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1977

Additional literature:

1. A.V. Minajeva, B.K.Trnolieva “Modern English Lexicology”, 1989

2. E.M. Mednikova “Seminars in English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1978

Internet sources:

1. file: // A: // lexicographical problems.htm.

2. file: // A: // ling. Dictionaries.htm.

3. www.google.com.

4. www.yahoo.com

5. www.rambler.com

6. ftp: // ftp.clres.com/pub/clres/lexicology/primer.txt-2003

7. file: // A: / Lora. Doc/ from.Latin.htm-2003

8. Electronic book of the university:

Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.

Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001

9. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S.

Problematic questions:

- What problems Lexicology deals with?

- What problems are the central or basic one?