Test 'immunization'

Вариант 1.

I. Choose the sentences corresponding to the contents of the chapter.

1. a) Immunization against measles and whooping cough is advisable in the first year of life.

b) The doctor suggests to immunize one year old babies only against Smallpox and Tuberculosis.

2. a) There exist no contraindications for immunization, b) There are some contraindications for immunization.

3. a) Smallpox vaccination is not advisable to very small babies., b) It is not advisable to vaccinate a child with skin disorder against Smallpox.

4. a) BCG vaccination is recommended to do on the left arm. b) To use left or right arm for BCG vaccination makes no difference.

5. a) If a discharging sinus forms after a BCG injection, the lymphatic nodes should not be touched.

b) If there is an abscess after a BCG injection, surgical treatment is not recommended.

6. a) Smallpox vaccination should be repeated if it is possible, b) Smallpox vaccination should be repeated if it is negative

(if there is no successful scar).

7. a) Polio vaccination must be repeated several times for continued protection.

b) Usually Polio vaccination is effective after the first or the second Booster.

8. a) BCG vaccination should be repeated if Mantoux was negative.

b) If Mantoux reaction was positive BCG vaccination must be given.

9. a) German measles immunization should be done in the last months of pregnancy.

b) German measles immunization must be done early in childhood.

10. a) The immunization may provide 100% protection if it is done early enough as advised.

b) The protection may be complete if the child is incubating.

11. Find the argument from "B" for the statement from "A".

А 'в

1. The doctor didn't advise to give the 1. A discharging Sinus formed after the child Polio drops BCG vaccination.

2. The child needed surgical treatment. 2. The child has had an infection before

the reaction to BCG. ^

3. BCG inoculation reaction was very 3. The child was suffering from cold, marked. cough and diarrhea.

4. The Smallpox vaccination was repeated 4. Pertussis vaccine may be dangerous. every six weeks and later every three

years.

5. It is not advisable to give DPT after 5. Protection against the disease is six years of age. provided only for six months.

6. The typhoid vaccine should be given 6. It was ineffective the first time. just before summer.

III. Match English and Russian equivalents:

1. on the other hand 1. в худшем случае

2. similar pattern 2. сам собой

3. disease pattern 3. с другой стороны

4. as advised 4. структура заболевания

5. as regards 5. подобная модель

6. on (its) own 6. убедиться

7. take longer 7. занять больше времени

8. continued protection 8. длительная защита

9. at the worst 9. что касается 10. make it certain 10. по совету

Вариант 2.

I. Choose the sentences corresponding to the contents of the text:

1. a) The order of immunization must depend upon the disease structure.

b) The order of immunization depends on the availability of vaccines.

2. a) Immunization is advised when the child is unhealthy, b) Immunization is not advisable when the child is sick.

3. a) As a rule, there are no complications after Potio vaccination, b) Polio vaccinations are usually accompanied by high temperature,

redness and swelling.

4. a) BCG vaccination always heals without any complications, b) Sometimes BCG vaccination may result in enlargement of

glands in the axilla.

5. a) Nothing should be applied on the BCG vaccination site, if there is discharge from it.

b) If the BCG vaccination site doesn't heal, apply some medicine or powder on it.

6. a) The discharging Smallpox vaccination site should be treated with spirit and powder as often as possible.

b) When the smallpox vaccination site is discharging, it is necessary to apply some spirit two-three times a day and to clean it with cotton.

7. a) A small vesicle appears at the site of BCG injection three weeks later.

b) Usually there is no reaction on the BCG vaccination site.

8. a) Vesicle is a small blister filled with opaque material. b) Vesicle is a small blister filled with clear fluid.

9. a) Pertussis vaccination is not advisable after the age of six. b) Whooping cough vaccination may be given at any age.

10. a) Typhoid vaccination as a routine is not advised, b) To save the child from typhoid it is necessary to vaccinate him before the onset of summer every year.

11. Find the argument from "B" for the statements from "A".

А В

1. Rubella immunization should be done 1. If the child is incubating the protection, in early childhood may not be complete.

2. Immunization may not provide 100% 2. Being exposed to German measles, in protection against diseases. pregnancy the mother may transfer it to

her child.

3. The child was not immunized. 3. He had got Smallpox vaccination.

4. The infant developed a high tempera- 4. He had diarrhea, ture.

5. The vaccinated site became red and 5. He had got DPT vaccination, swollen.

6. Lymphatic glands in the axilla were 6. This was a result of the BCG enlarged vaccination carried out.

III. Match English and Russian equivalents:

1. exposed 1. обычный, распространенный

2. ill 2. беременная

3. common 3. врожденный

4. available 4. подвергнувшийся контакту

5. complete 5. неблагоприятный

6. successful 6. полный, завершенный

7. pregnant 7. имеющийся в наличии, доступный

8. ordinary 8. обыкновенный, ординарный

9. congenital ' 9. слепой 10. blind 10. успешный

Вариант 3

I. Qhoose the sentences corresponding to the contents of the text: .

1. a) One can protect the infant against a number of infections by immunization.

b) Immunization against every possible infection should be carried out within the first year of life.

2. a) Immunization should be done under medical advice if a child is not healthy.

b) Immunization is never done if the child is not healthy.

3. a) As a rule, DPT can't give any complications.

b) With DPT the infant may have a high temperature.

4. a) There could be no complications after a Smallpox vaccination, b) There could be many complications after a Smallpox vaccination if the vaccinated site is not cared for well.

5. a) The pustule after a Smallpox vaccination bursts on the 7th day.

b) The pustule bursts on the 9th—10th day.

6. a) The Polio vaccine can be kept under different conditions in various health centres.

b) The Polio vaccine can only be kept frozen.

7. a) Ice-cream can carry Typhoid bacilli and it is necessary to protect children from Typhoid fever in summer.

b) Ice-cream must be prohibited from eating in summer.

8. a) A baby may be born with congenital abnormalities if his mother has been exposed to Rubella in early pregnancy.

b) If a pregnant woman is exposed to Rubella, he is likely to become blind or crippled.

9. a) Many viruses may cause the pattern of the disease similar to poliomyelitis but there is no vaccine against them, b) Many viruses cause various patterns of poliomyelitis, that is why there is no vaccine against it.

10. a) On the first or second day after a BCG vaccination a small vesicle appears at the site of injection.

b) A vesicle is formed at the vaccinated site about three weeks after a BCG vaccination.

11. Find the argument from "B" for the statements from "A".

А в

1. The mother of the vaccinated child 1. The vaccination had been carried out decides to see the doctor in a centre where the vaccine had not

been stored in a deep freeze.

2. A scar formed at the site of injection. 2. He had been given Polio vaccination.

3. The child was not advised DPT. 3. The enlarged glands of the axilla did

not resolve at the end of 6 weeks.

4 .The baby was not fed for half an 4. The girl was 7 years old hour after his visit to the doctor.

5 The Polio vaccination proved ineffective. 5. The boy had been BCG immunized

three weeks before.

6. The Typhoid vaccination didn't work 6. The girl had been vaccinated in in this child. December, and exposed to the disease

in August.

III. Match the Russian and English equivalents:

1. come down 1. поражать

2. keep down 2. обеспечивать, снабжать

3. suggest 3. развиваться

1. develop 4. снижать температуру

2. need 5. снижаться (о температуре)

3. depend 6. предлагать

4. discharge 7. нуждаться

5. provide S. выделяться

6. carry 9. зависеть

10. affect 10. нести, переносить

Самостоятельная работа с текстом Kawasaki Disease

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и выпишите все неизвестные слова.

Задание 2. Составьте 15 вопросов к основному содержанию текста.

Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы (письменно) и напишите тезисы к данной статье.

Kawasaki Disease

Description. Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syn­drome) is a children's illness characterized by fever, rash, swelling of the hands and feet, irritation and redness of the whites of the eyes, swollen lymph glands in the neck, and irritation and inflammation of the mouth, lips and throat. These immediate effects of Kawasaki disease are rarely serious: however, long-term heart complications result in some cases and can be seen as early as two weeks after onset of the disease.

Named after Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, a Japanese pediatrician, the disease has probably been in existence for a long time, but was not recognized as a separate entity until 1967. The incidence is higher in Japan than in any other country. In the United States it is more frequent among children of Asian-American background, but can occur in any racial or ethnic group. The disease is not common, and its incidence in the United States has not been determined. In recent years, it has tended to occur in localized outbreaks, most often in the late winter or spring, but is seen year-round. Kawasaki disease almost always affects children; most patients are under 5 years old, and the average age is about 2 years. Boys develop the illness almost twice as often as girls.

The heart may be affected in as many as one of five children who develop Kawasaki disease. Damage sometimes occurs to the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (the coronary arteries) and to the heart muscle itself. A weakening of a coronary artery can result in an enlargement or swelling of the blood vessel wall ( an aneurism). Infants less than 1 year old are usually the most seriously ill and are at greatest risk for heart involvement.

The acute phase of Kawasaki disease commonly lasts 10 to 14 days or more. Most children recover fully. The likelihood of developing coronary artery disease later in life is not known, and remains the subject of medical investigation.

Cause. The cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown. It does not appear to be hereditary or contagious. Because the illness frequently occurs in outbreaks, an infectious agent (such as a virus) is likely the cause. It is very rare for more than one child in a family to develop Kawasaki disease.

Signs and Symptoms. Fever and irritability are often the first indications of the disease. Fever ranged from moderate (101° to 103° F) to high (above 104° F). The lymph glands in the neck may become swollen. A rash usually appears on the back, chest, and abdomen early in the illness; in infants it may develop in the groin. In some cases, the rash may spread to the face. The rash appears as poorly defined spots of various sizes, often bright red. Fever continues to rise and fall, sometimes for as long as 3 weeks.Bloodshot eyes (conjunctivitis) may develop, and the eyes can become sensitive to light.

The child's tongue may be coated, slightly swollen, and resemble the surface of a strawberry, sometimes referred to as "strawberry tongue". The lips may become red, dry, and cracked; the inside of the mouth may turn darker red than usual.

The palms of the hands and soles of the feet often become red, and hands and feet may swell. Occasionally, a stiff neck will develop. Abdominal pain and diarrhea occur in some children.

When the fever subsides, the rash and swollen lymph glands usually disappear. The skin around the toenails and fingernails often peels painlessly, usually during the second or third week of illness. The skin on the hands or feet may peel in large pieces.

The knees, hips, and ankles may become swollen and painful. Occasionally, joint pain and swelling persist after other symptoms have disappeared, but permanent joint damage does not occur. Lines or ridges on fingernails and toenails, formed during the illness, may be seen for weeks or months.

Diagnosis. The diagnosis of Kawasaki disease cannot be made by a single laboratory test or combination of tests. Physicians make the diagnosis after carefully examining a child, observing signs and symptoms, and eliminating the possibility of other diseases that are similar. Blood tests are used to detect mild anemia, an elevated white blood cell count, and an elevated sedimentation rate, indicating inflammation. A sharp increase in the number of platelets, a major clotting element in blood, may also be found.

Urine tests may reveal the presence of protein (albumin) and white blood cells. An irregular heartbeat and evidence of heart muscle involvement can be detected by electrocardiogram (ECG). An echo-cardiogram (or echo) is used to look for possible damage to the heart or to the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. Other blood tests or diagnostic studies may be requested by the physician.

Complications. The possibility of heart and coronary artery involvement makes Kawasaki disease unpredictable, but these prob­lems usually are not serious and disappear with time. However, on occasion aneurisms of coronary or other arteries of the body can occur, and some may require medical or surgical treatment. Very rarely, complications may include heart attacks, which can be fatal.

Treatment. Kawasaki disease is frequently treated in the hospital, with a stay from a few days to a few weeks. Some children may receive care at home without hospitalization.

Since the cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown, no specific medication is available. Aspirin is often used to reduce fever, rash, joint inflammation, and pain, and to prevent formation of blood clots. Recent studies from Japan arid the United States suggest that another medication, intravenous gamma globulin, may decrease the risk of developing heart disease when given early in the illness. A major goal of treatment both in the hospital and at home is to make a child as comfortable as possible while the illness runs its course.

If tests reveal an aneurysm or other heart or blood vessel abnormality, repeated echocardiograms or other tests may be necessary for several years following recovery from Kawasaki disease. Almost all children return to completely normal activity after the acute phase of the illness.

Prevention. There is no known prevention for Kawasaki disease. Approximately one child in a hundred may develop the disease a second time. Parents should know that nothing they could have done would have prevented the disease.

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