1. Learn the following active words and use them in the sentences of your own.

Decrease (v, n) уменьшать, уменьшение

drive (v) приводить в действие, запускать

harness (v) использовать

increase (v,n) увеличивать(ся), повышаться

kind (n) вид, сорт

need (v) нуждаться, требовать

position (n) положение, покой

result in (v) приводить к

semiconductor (n) полупроводник

source (n) источник

turn (v,n) поворачивать(ся), превращать(ся)

unlimited (p) неограниченный

2. Translate the following chains of words. Define what parts of speech they are

Direct –indirect – director – direction – directly – indirectly; produce – producer – product – production - productive – productivity; generate – generator – generation – general – generally; able – ability – enable – disabled; chemical - chemist – chemistry; employ – employer – employee – employment – unemployment; move – moving – movement – motion - motionless

3. Look through the text and find the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations; use tem in the sentences of your own.

В качестве примера, говоря по-научному, такой как, и так далее, общеизвестно, таким образом, вышеупомянутый, одновременно, в результате, в настоящее время,

3. Find the participle in the text and define its function.

4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the parti­ciple:

1. The girl is finishing her work. 2. The work is being finished by the girl. 3. The girl finishing her work is my sister. 4. Finishing her work, the girl spoke to her friend.

5. The work having been finished, the students went home.

6. Having finished her work, the girl went out. 7. Having been finished in time, the work was given to the teacher. 8. My brother finished his work, his friend having helped him.

5. Compare A. and В. and define the function of the participle.

A.	B.
Having brought the dictionaries from the library, the students began to translate the article	The dictionaries having been brought from the li­brary, the students began to translate the article.

1. Having finished my translation, 1 gave it to the teacher.

2. The translation having been finished, I gave it to the teacher.

1. Having finished the experiment, the students left the laboratory.

2. The experiment having been finished, the students left the laboratory.

6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction:

1. An object losing its potential energy, that energy is v, turned into kinetic energy. 2. Water falling from its raised position, energy is changed from potential to kinetic. 3. My friend was reading an English article, his brother watching television. 4. Electrical devices find a wide application in every house, a refrigerator being one of them. 5. There being a hydroelectric station at the waterfall, the energy of the falling water is used to drive the turbines. 6. The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists must find new sources of energy. 7. There are different sources of energy, the sun being an unlimited source of all its forms. 8. Industrial applications of energy increasing, more and more energy is needed every year.

7. Give short answers to the following questions:

1. Can one form of energy be changed into another? 2. Does a generator produce mechanical energy? 3. Is the sun an unlimited source of energy? 4. Can we employ energy directly? 5. Have scientists transformed solar energy into electric energy? 6. Is potential energy the energy of motion? 7. Do we need more and more electric energy every year? 8. Are there various forms of energy? 9. Do you use electric energy every day? 10. Can the energy of falling water be used to drive the turbines? 11. Is kinetic energy the energy of position?

8. Form questions for the following short answers.

Model: Is the sun an unlimited source of energy?-it is.

1.	Yes,	he does.	6.	No,	there are not
2.	No,	we do not.	7.	Yes,	she must.
3.	No,	they cannot.	8.	Yes,	there is.
4.	Yes,	I did.	9.	No,	you may not.
5.	No,	it is not.	10.	Yes,	I shall.

9. Translate the following sentences:

1. Падающая вода может приводить в действие турбину 2. Говоря об энергии, мы могли бы упомянуть потенциальную и кинетическую энергию. 3. Работая в лаборатории, студент пользовался электрическими приборами. 4. Прочитав второй урок, мы начали переводить его. 5. Химические источники тока находят ограниченное применение в промышленности.

10. State the energy change that takes place in each of the following devices.

Model: Motor changes electrical energy into mechanic: energy.

1. generator, 2. lamp, 3. battery, 4. washing machine 5. electric furnace, 6. vacuum cleaner, 7. semiconductor

11 Describe Fig 1.

12. Retell the text.

LESSON THREE

ATOMIC ENERGY

A man trying to see a single atom is like a man trying to see a single drop of water in the sea while he is flying high above it. He will see the sea made up of a great many drops of water but he certainly will not be able to see a single drop. By the way, there аге so mаnу atoms in the drop of water that if one could count one atom a second, day and night, it would take one hundred milliard years! But that is cer­tainly impossible.

Man has, however, learned the secret of the atom. He has learned to split atoms in order to get great quantities of

7x10¹⁸

Mineral Fuel

144x10¹⁸

e nergy. At present, coal is our most important fuel and our ba­sic source of energy. It is quite possible that coal and other fuel may be replaced by atomic ener­gy in the future. Atomic energy replacing the present sources of energy, we shall get more energy than we produce today. As for coal, it is not only a fuel and it will therefore never lose its importance. We cannot do with­out it and it may find some oth­er important applications. For example, coal will be used to get various necessary products.

Fig.2. World's thermal pow­er sources (in К cal).

The nuclear reactor will pos­sibly be one of the reliable "fur­naces" producing atomic energy. Being used to produce energy, the reactor produces it in the form of heat. In other words, heat is developed by the splitting of atoms in the reactor. Gas, water, melted metals, and some other liquids circulating through the reactor carry that heat away. The heat may be carried to pipes of the steam-generator containing water. The resulting steam drives a turbine, the turbine in its turn driving an electric genera­tor. So, we see that a nuclear power station is like any oth­er power plant but the familiar coal-burning furnace is replaced by a nuclear one. However, a ton of uranium (nuclear fuel) can give us as much energy as 2 1/2 to 3 million tons of coal.

The first industrial nuclear power plant in the world was constructed in the USSR in 1954. It has already been working for many years. One may mention here that the plant in question was put into operation two years earlier than the British one and three and а half years earlier than the American nuclear power plants.

The Beloyarskaya nuclear power station in the Urals may serve as another example of the peaceful use of atomic energy in Russia. Russian scientists and engineers having achieved a nuclear super-heating of steam directly in the reactor itself, it is certainly a new important contribution to nuclear engi­neering. By the way, such a nuclear super-heating of steam directly in the reactor before it is carried into the turbine was achieved for the first time in the world.

We may mention here another important achievement. It is the first nuclear installation where thermal energy gener­ated in the reactor is transformed directly into electric energy.

Exercises