7. (A) Translate the following word combinations:

temperature scale, lightning conductor, freezing point, human body, German-speaking countries, measuring instru­ment, temperature difference, boiling point, atmospheric pressure

(b) Use these word combinations in sentences of your own.

8. Give synonyms for the following words:

to use, big, learned man, owing to, instrument, various

9. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type:

1. You are the only engineer who speaks both English and German. 2. This is the only book that I haven't read. 3. All the countries should use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes. 4. This phenomenon was studied first by Sokolov and then by Novikov. 5. Novikov's result was certainly better than that of his comrade. 6. Galileo constructed an air thermometer, some years later a French scientist constructed another one, in which water was used instead of air. 7. Both Lomonosov and Rihman studied atmospheric electricity, the latter being killed by a stroke of lightning.. :8. Lenin's letter to American workers was translated into many languages. 9. The last letter of the English alphabet is z. 10. Some students work and study at the same time. 11. This engineer carried on some experiments on the properties of semicon­ductors.

10. The following statements are not true to the fact. Correct them:

1. We can do without the thermometer when we need exact data on the temperature of the body. 2. The thermom­eter is the very instrument for protecting buildings from thunderstorms. 3. As early as 1602 Galileo invented the Cen­tigrade scale. 4. An air thermometer consisted of a metal bulb containing mercury and connected to a glass tube. 5. The glass tube of the air thermometer was immersed into water.6.Water is the very liquid that is used in thermometers.7.The Fahrenheit scale is widely employed all over the world. 8. Water temperature falls when our kettle is put on the fire. 9. Mercury is not used in thermometers at present.

11. Make an outline of the text.

12. Retell the text.

LESSON NINE

LOMONOSOV

The great Russian scientist, outstanding poet and enlightener, Lomonosov, was born in the village of Denisovka (now Lomonosovo), far off in the North, on November 19; 1711. The boy was very young when he easily mastered reading

М. V. Lomonosov (1711-1763)

and writing. He spent all his free time in reading books and studying but that did not satisfy him. The young boy longed for knowledge, he longed to master science. That longing was so great that at the age of 19, or so, he left his father's home and started on foot for Moscow in spite of the long distance and the cold winter.

However, entering the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow was not an easy thing to do, because his father was a peasant and a fisherman. Strange as it may seem at present, the Academy was closed to peasants at that time.

He experienced great want and countless hardships during his student years both in Moscow and later on in Germany where he had been sent to complete his education. Studying at the Academy, he got only 3 copecks a day, that scholar­ship being his only means of living.

Nevertheless, the simple peasant boy from the far North soon became famous as a scientist and a poet. At the age of 35 he was already an experienced professor and an academi­cian.

Lomonosov was complete master of natural sciences as well as of history, philosophy and engineering. In addition to the Russian language, he had a good knowledge of foreign languages, namely German, French, Greek and, last but not least, Latin which was the international language of science at that time.

It is quite impossible to name a scientific problem he did not turn his attention to. However, theory alone left him dissatisfied. He knew by experience that it was useless and unreliable if it did not find practical application and could not, therefore, serve the good of his people and his country. He always tried to find a practical application for the phenom­ena studied.

Lomonosov possessed an unusual capacity for work. His scientific activity lasted but 25 years but in these 25 years he carried out an extraordinary amount of useful, educational work in various fields of scientific and cultural life. He car­ried on scientific research in natural sciences and made nu­merous reports on the results of his achievements. He lectured to students and translated the works of various foreign scien­tists into Russian for he wanted to educate "our own Newtons." For this very purpose he founded Moscow Uni­versity and wrote his odes as well as numerous books on the Russian language and literature, on physics and so on.

For many years the great scientist carried on systematic laboratory-experimental work both, in physics and chemistry, for, according to him, without observation and experiment there could be no progress in science. In this connection, one might ask: "Do you know that Lomonosov organized' the' first chemical laboratory in our country?" One more question: "Who built the first glass-making factory in Russia?" It was Lomonosov, of course!

As a materialist, Lomonosov studied physical properties of" bodies on the basis of the molecular and atomic theory: He developed the kinetic theory of gases, the molecular kinetic theory of heat and first discovered the law of the con­servation of matter and motion. He also found that light, heat and electricity are different forms of motion. .As a re­sult, many of his discoveries became invaluable contributions to world science.

From the very first and to the last days of his life he strug­gled alone for Russian science and the enlightenment of the Russian people.

Exercises