- •1. Learn the following active words and use them in the sentences of your own
- •3. Look through the text and write out the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •5. Give short answers to the following questions:
- •7. Translate the following sentences:
- •1. Learn the following active words and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •2. Translate the following chains of words. Define what parts of speech they are
- •3. Look through the text and find the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations; use tem in the sentences of your own.
- •4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle:
- •1. Learn the following active words and expressions. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. Work in pairs. Put questions to your partner and he (she) will answer them.
- •8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words need and turn:
- •9. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:
- •10. Define the following words according to the model given below.
- •13. Describe Fig. 2.
- •Exercises
- •Learn the following active words and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •2. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the gerund:
- •7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •8. Put 5 questions to the text beginning with what.
- •9. Speak on the story told by the early Scandinavians.
- •10. Make an outline of the text.
- •1. Learn the following active words and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •2. Look through the text and find the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •5. Find the gerund in the text, define its function.
- •8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to both, both...And:
- •9. Fill in the blanks with prepositions:
- •10. Translate into Russian:
- •11. Form five sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in Columns I and II:
- •12. Describe Franklin's kite experiment.
- •13. Give a short summary of the text.
- •Exercises
- •1. Learn the following active words and Expressions
- •Look through the text and find the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •8. Make up a story of Franklin's kite experiment using the following sentences and sentences of your own (our sentences are given in a disorderly way):
- •11. Use the following expressions in sentences of your own:
- •13. Speak on magnetism.
- •15. Describe Figs 3 and 4.
- •Exercises
- •8. (A) For the names of the countries given in Column I find the names of the nations given in Column II:
- •10. Speak on:
- •11. Make an outline of the text.
- •12. Retell the text.
- •Exercises
- •1. Learn the following active words and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •2. Define the functions of the participle and the gerund in the text.
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. Fill in the blanks with suitable words and word combinations given below:
- •6. (A) For the verbs in Column I find suitable nouns in Column II.
- •7. (A) Translate the following word combinations:
- •10. The following statements are not true to the fact. Correct them:
- •11. Make an outline of the text.
- •12. Retell the text.
- •1. Learn the following active words and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •2. Translate the following word chains into Russian, define what part of speech the words are.
- •4 Translate into Russian:
- •8. Form 10 sentences using the following words:
- •10. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type:
- •11. Retell the text.
- •12. (A) Fill in the blanks with prepositions, if necessary; (b) retell the text:
- •1. Learn Active Words and Expressions
- •2. Look through the text and find the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Use them in your own situations.
- •The Infinitive
- •2. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitive
- •3. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type:
- •4. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the infinitive:
- •5. Fill in the blanks with the words one or for:
- •6. Write out from the text all the sentences where the infinitive is used, and define its function. .
- •1. Active Words and Expressions
- •3. According to the models given below form sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in Columns I, II, III, IV,
- •5. Work in pairs, ask your fellow-students questions:
- •6. Explain why:
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •1 Learn the following active words and expressions and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •3. (A) Find the non-finite forms of the verb in the text; (b) define their functions.
- •4. Translate the following words and define what parts of speech they are:
- •5. Write out the adjectives with the suffix -able from the text. Translate them.
- •7. Answer the following questions:
- •9. Translate the following word combinations and use them in sentences of your own:
- •Exercises
- •2. (A) Give headings to each paragraph of the text; (b) explain why you have given such headings.
- •3. Translate the following sentences:
- •4. Define the non-finite forms of the verb met in the text.
- •5. Put 10 questions to the text.
- •6. Translate the following sentences:
- •7. Speak on:
- •Exercises
LESSON ONE
ELECTRIC CURRENT SERVES MAN IN A THOUSAND WAYS
The electric current was born in the year 1800 when Volta constructed the first source of continuous current. Since that time numerous scientists and inventors, Russian and foreign, have greatly contributed to its further development and practical application.
As a result, one cannot imagine modern civilization without the electric current. We can't imagine how people could do without the electric lamp, without vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, washing machines and other electrically operated devices that are widely used today. In fact, telephones, lifts, electric trams and trains, radio and television have been made possible only owing to the electric current.
The student reading this article is certainly familiar with the important part which the electric current plays in our everyday life. From the moment when he gets up in the morning until he goes to bed at night, he widely uses electric energy. Only going to the university either on foot or by bicycle, can he do without electricity. In fact, it is well known that electric current is necessary for the operation of trolley-buses, trams, buses and modern trains.
During the day he (that is the reading student) will also use some electrical devices, working in the laboratory, making use of the telephone, the lift, the tram and so on. As for the evening, if he studies or reads, by an electric lamp, watches television, goes to the theatre or cinema, he certainly uses electricity.
Some people are more familiar with the various applications of the electric current in their everyday life than they are with its numerous industrial applications. However, electric energy finds its most important use in industry. Take, for example, the electric motor, transforming electric energy into mechanical energy. It finds a wide application at every mill and factory. As for the electric crane, it can easily lift objects weighing thousands of tons.
A good example which is illustrating an important industrial use of the electric current is the electrically heated furnace. Great masses of metal melted in such furnaces flow like water. Speaking of the melted metals, we might mention one more device using electricity—that is the electric pyrometer. The temperature of hot flowing metals can be easily measured owing to the electric pyrometer.
These are only some of the various industrial applications of the electric current serving us in a thousand ways.
Exercises
1. Learn the following active words and use them in the sentences of your own
Apply (v) применять, использовать
Application (n) применение
Current (n) ток
Device (n) прибор, устройство
Develop (v) разрабатывать, развивать(ся)
Electricity (n) электричество
Furnace (n) печь
Industrial (a) промышленный
Invent (v) изобретать
Measure (v) измерять
Serve (v) служить, обслуживать
Scientist (n) ученый
2. Translate the following chains of words into Russian, define what part of speech they are:
Science – scientist – scientific-scientifically; develop – developer - developing - development, invent - inventor - invention; measure- measuring- measurement; apply – application - applicable— appliance; use – user – useful - useless - usage; transform - transformer - transformation; electric- electricity – electrical - electrically; serve - server-service - servant.
3. Look through the text and write out the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own.
Что касается, обходиться без чего-либо, использовать , играть роль, вносить вклад в, благодаря чему-либо, становиться возможным, либо…либо, в действительности.
4. Make word combinations using adjectives in the left column and the nouns in the right column.
Modern application
Numerous development
Further inventors
Electric civilization
Industrial current
The Participle
-
Participle I
Participle II
Perfect Participle
Active: writing
Passive: being written
written
having written
having been written
3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle:
1. The student is translating an article on refrigerators.2. The student has translated an article. 3. The article is translated by the student. 4. The article is being translated by the student. 5. The student translating an article is my fellow-student. 6. The article translated by the student is difficult. 7. Translating an article, the student used a dictionary. 8. Having translated the article, the student gave it to the teacher. 9. Having been asked to translate the article, the student translated it very well.
4. Form four sentences using the words given below.
1. lift, the, heavy, can, electric, objects, crane.
2. finds, industry, energy, in, application, electric, wide, a
3. does, study, he, at, not, the, institute
4. day, use, every, do, devices, you, electrical
5. the theatre, go, to, we, yesterday, not, did
5. Give short answers to the following questions:
1. Does the motor find a wide application in industry? 2. Is Volta a Russian scientist? 3. Does your friend go to the university on foot? 4. Did you go to the theatre yesterday? 5. Is there an electric lamp on your table? 6. Has your friend bought a new bicycle? 7. Are there many trolley-buses and trams in Moscow? 8. Do you watch television every day? 9. Do you use electrical devices? 10. Can you do without electricity? 11. Does the electric current play an important part in our life? 12. Does the electric motor transform electrical energy into mechanical energy? 13. Is the electric current necessary for the operation of trolley-buses and trams? 14. Is your room heated by an electric furnace?
6. Complete the sentences.
1. In 1800 Volta constructed the first source of …. … 2. One cannot imagine … … without the electric current. 3. Today we widely use many … … devices. 4. Electricity has numerous … … 5. Electric motor transforms … energy into … one. 6. Electricity finds … … at every factory. … … furnace is a good example of the industrial application of electricity. Electric … measures the temperature of hot flowing metals.