- •Навчальний посібник
- •Why we should feel responsible for future generations
- •Vocabulary
- •Before you Read Reading Without Understanding the Meaning of Every Word
- •Ecology or Egology? The Role of the Individual in the Environmental Crisis
- •Analyzing Topic Sentences
- •Find the topic sentence in each paragraph.
- •Be sure you know the vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary
- •1 Choose the best answer.
- •2 Give the English equivalents to the following words:
- •3 Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following words:
- •4 Discussion questions.
- •The Environment and Homo Sapiens
- •Vocabulary
- •1 Checking comprehension.
- •2 Match the words below with the following definitions:
- •Pollution
- •The Nuclear Disaster at Chernobyl
- •Vocabulary
- •1 Comprehension Questions:
- •2 Match the words below with the following definitions:
- •3 Choose the right answer:
- •Pollution and What We Can Do About It
- •Vocabulary
- •1 Checking comprehension.
- •2 Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •4 Think of some interesting ways of recycling each of these:
- •5 Comment on the following words by Professor Gerald Darrell of the University of California. Do you agree with these words? Justify your answer.
- •Prereading Task Reading for a Specific Purpose
- •Ecological Issues of Canada
- •Comprehension Check
- •Vocabulary
- •Using New Words
- •Vocabulary
- •1 Comprehension Questions:
- •2 Match the following words and definitions:
- •3 Choose the right answer:
- •Saving the World’s Tropical Rain Forests.
- •Vocabulary
- •Speaking
- •Translate the text orally: Ecological Solutions to Flooding and Water Supply Problems in Woodlands
- •Vocabulary
- •1 Comprehension Questions:
- •2 Match the following words and definitions:
- •3 Choose the right answer:
- •Population Explosion
- •Extinction
- •Global Warming
- •A brief history of the future
- •Read the article and find out what Stephen Hawking’s predictions for the areas in 3 are.
- •Work with a partner and answer these questions:
- •Look at these extracts from the text. Use prepositions to complete the sentences.
- •Check your answers with the text.
- •Use the expressions in italics and the prepositions from 4 to complete these sentences.
- •Compare your answers with a partner. Are any of the sentences true for you or your country?
- •1 Complete the article using the following phrases.
- •Think of five more predictions for the future of the world. Work in groups and decide which predictions are:
- •How would you like to see the world change in the future? Write five sentences using the prompts:
- •Work in small groups and share your ideas. Which are the most common, interesting or unusual ideas? references
Analyzing Topic Sentences
An important skill for reading is finding the main idea. Sometimes the main idea of a paragraph is stated directly. The sentence that states it is called the topic sentence.
Find the topic sentence in each paragraph.
Talking it over
1 What do you understand under "relationships and interdependencies" that developed between the living organisms?
2 Is technology the main problem for environment contamination? Explain your choice.
3 Why are people eager to fulfill their short-term needs and don’t think about long-term welfare?
4 What do people do to fill their inner gap? How can it affect the environment?
Read and translate the text orally:
Evolution
People have always been curious about the creator of all animals and plants. There have been many divine theories about how people came into being. However, research findings have proved that all animals including human beings have evolved from primitive ancestors. In 1859 Charles Darwin put forward his theory of evolution, which claimed that all animals changed and developed during a continuous process. This process is brought about by the species gradually adapting to the demands of its environment, through a gradual genetic change.
To understand this complicated process some theoretical background is necessary.
Inside each of our body's cells, there is a complex substance known as DNA. It looks like a very twisted ladder and its full name is deoxyribonucleic acid. Sections of DNA are known genes. They give instructions about when different types of cells should develop, and whereabouts in the body they should be. DNA bears the genetic code which is a tremendously complicated set of instructions to the cells in the body, so that they will know how to develop. As a result of these complex instructions, we develop specialized liver cells, heart cells, hair cells, skin cells, and all other different types of cells, which make up a body.
Larger strands of DNA are known as chromosomes. They are arranged in pairs. However, an ovum, a female cell capable of developing into a baby as well as a male cell that should fertilize it have only half of the chromosomes. In this way, when organisms reproduce themselves sexually, — by combining sperm from one parent with ova from another, — the new individual possesses characteristics of both parents.
The new combination of characteristics may be particularly beneficial.
The child may inherit the very best features of its parents and be healthier, stronger and fitter. Sometimes, there are slight mistakes made in the copying. When the special reproductive cells are made, and these can result in the new individual being different in someway. These mistakes are known as genetic mutations and sometimes are very beneficial. When these beneficial changes, evolution happens.
Every organism is in competition with other members of its species. So anything, which helps this plant or animal to get an edge over the competition, will be useful. The individuals with beneficial characteristics are more likely to survive if some natural change happens. This is known as natural selection, which is all about the survival of the fittest — and the fittest is the one, which is best adapted to its environment. It should be clear now that it is a mistake to think of evolution as a straight-line development leading up to the human being. This is only one of many different branches of evolution.