Comprehension questions. Give written answers to the questions below.

1. What is management?

2. What is leadership in business?

3. What are the four key function of management?

4. Which managerial skills are used more by supervisors than by top managers and vice versa.

5. How does the directing function vary at different levels of management?

6. What are the five steps of the control function?

7. What is the organization structure in management?

8. What are the three types of planning?

9. What are various leadership styles?

10. Can you enumerate the 12 Golden Rules of Leadеrship?

11. What are the 7 Sins of Leadership?

Text 3 organizational culture

Organizational culture may be defined as widely shared values in an organization that provide coherence and co-operation to achieve common goals. Usually the culture of an organization is reflected in stories, traditions, and myths. Anyone who has been to Disney land or Disney World cannot fail to be impressed by the obvious values instilled by Walt Disney that permeate the organization. One may have heard about or read about the focus on cleanliness, helpfulness, and friendliness, but such stories cannot prepare you for the near-perfect implementation of those values at the parks. The workers seem to have absorbed the ideals into their very being so that they work joyfully and give total attention to the customer.

It is also obvious from visiting any McDonald's restaurant that every effort has been made to maintain a culture that emphasizes "quality, service, cleanliness, and value." Each restaurant has the same "feel," the same "look," and the same "atmosphere." In short, each has a similar organizational culture.

Disney and McDonald's are two examples of favourable organizational cultures that lead to successful operations. But an '' organizational culture can also be negative. Have you ever been in an | organization where you feel that no one cares about service or quality? A visit to some motor vehicle licensing bureau is often a quick lesson in negative shared values (organizational culture). The clerks may seem uniformly glum, indifferent, and testy. The mood often seems to pervade the atmosphere so that the patrons become moody and upset. There are exceptions, but you know the feeling. It gets so that one can hardly believe that an organization can be run so badly and survive, especially a profit-.making organization.

The organizational culture at various Disney projects such as Epcot Center reflect an orientation toward friendliness, cleanliness, and helpfulness. Employees seem to truly enjoy their jobs and the public enjoys the atmosphere of responsiveness. The organizational culture at the license bureau often seems to lack a consumer orientation. Can you think of other organizations whose culture seems to create uncooperative and grumpy workers rather than friendly and helpful ones?

The very best organizations have cultures that emphasize service o others, especially customers. The atmosphere is one of friendly, concerned, caring people who enjoy working together to provide a good product at a reasonable price. Those companies that have such cultures have less need for close supervision of employees; policy manuals; organization charts; and formal rules, procedures, and controls. The ideas as follows:

• Organizational cultures are created by organizational leaders who create an atmosphere of shared values that have either a positive or negative effect on the relationships within the organization and with the various publics of the organization.

• Organizational culture is not a structure, it is an attitude. Leaders can't just change organizational culture on a whim. Culture is persistent but can be influenced by strong leader support of the desired values.

• Good organizational leaders create a culture that emphasizes co-operation and joy in serving customers, and that culture results in self-motivated employees who need minimal supervision. The key to productive culture is mutual trust. You get it by giving it.

• The very best companies stress high moral and ethical values such as honesty, reliability, fairness, environmental protection, and social involvement.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS.

1. What is the organizational culture at your college?

2. Is it known for its excellence, quality, and student orientation?

3. If not, what is it known for?

4. How is that reflected in student attitudes, community support, and 3 faculty attitudes?

5. How could the culture be improved?

Text 4