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Essential vocabulary

adopt (v)

amateur (n)

answerable (to) (adj)

assumption (of rule) (n)

barbaric (adj)

carpenter (n)

clip off the beards

collect revenue

complete the mission

confinement (n)

conscript for life

conscription (n)

conspirator (n)

coup (n)

courtier (n)

decisively (adv)

disband (v)

expel (v)

expenditure (n)

farm out (v)

from scratch

impartial (adj)

implement (v)

instigate (v)

levy (v)

maritime power

mutineer (n)

navy(n)

novelty (n)

outcome (n)

outlet (n)

possession (n)

predecessor (n)

primary objective

purported (adj)

rally(v)

rebellion (n)

reckon with (v)

regiment (n)

resent (v)

restriction (n)

seek the aid

standing army

standing army

status quo

suggestive (adj)

supplement (v)

suppress (v)

tear apart (v)

torture (n)

trigger the beginning

uniformity (n)

wage war

Test Yourself!

I. The following questions and answers will help you to see the main points of the units. Act out the dialogue.

Questions

Answers

1. How did Kiev become the unifying center of ancient Russia?

1. Kiev was situated on the trade routes among the territories inhabited by the tribes which later formed the Russian nation.

2. How can one account for the fact that the Mongol yoke lasted for 240 years?

2. The reason for the long enslavement of Russia lay first in the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Mongols; and second, in the constant quarrelling and fighting between the different Russian princes.

3. How did serfdom develop in Russia?

3. The Russian princes gave land to their courtiers for their services, but peasants were already living on those lands, and so they gradually became completely subject to the landowners.

4. When did the Moscow State make particularly large acquisitions of land?

4. It happened under Ivan the Terrible. It was during his rule that huge territories along the Volga River and in Siberia were joined to the Moscow State.

5. What time can be considered the end of the isolation of Russia from Europe?

5. The establishment of closer ties with Western Europe began in the middle of the 17th century but was greatly speeded up under Peter I, who tried to destroy the traditional Russian mode of life.

6. Did all Russian people comprehend and welcome Peter I’s reforms?

6. No, by no means; it was far from that. He launched his reforms in a very abrupt manner, and wanted to change suddenly and thoroughly all the traditions which had existed for centuries before him. Thus, he had many opponents and enemies.

7. Under which tsar were the cities granted self-government?

7. Under Peter I.