- •Reference Book
- •Academic Writing
- •Contents
- •Unit 1 Academic Writing Style
- •1. The Differences between Spoken and Written Language
- •Checklist of language to avoid in academic writing
- •Exercise 1. Find the matches between more formal and common vocabulary.
- •Exercise 2. Match the following colloquial expressions with their formal equivalents:
- •Exercise 3. Edit the following text fragments according to the academic writing style:
- •2. Levels of Formality
- •Exercise 4. Organize the following sets of sentences in the order of formality as shown in the example above. The first one is done for you as a guide.
- •Exercise 5. Identify the inconsistency in levels of formality in the following text fragments and revise them.
- •Unit 2 Paragraph Writing
- •1. Paragraph Structure
- •A Sample Paragraph
- •Concepts to remember
- •The Topic Sentence
- •Exercise 2. Underline the statement you think would make the best topic sentence of the paragraph.
- •Organizing Patterns
- •Patterns of Paragraph Development
- •Illustration
- •Paragraph 1
- •Paragraph 2
- •Paragraph 3
- •Paragraph 1
- •Paragraph 2
- •Paragraph 3
- •Paragraph 4
- •Paragraph 5
- •Transitional words and phrases
- •Spoken language
- •Evaluating a paragraph
- •Paragraph Writing Evaluation Form
- •Unit 3 Essay Writing
- •1. Organization of the Essay
- •2. The Introductory Paragraph
- •Practice: The Introductory Paragraph
- •3. The Concluding Paragraph
- •Example
- •Practice: Concluding Sentences
- •Example
- •Formulating the counterarguments against the thesis
- •Organizing the essay The classical system of argumentation based on that of ancient Greek and Roman orators
- •5. Argumentation Designs Diagram I
- •Diagram II: Controlling Handguns – Pro and Con
- •6. The Writing Product Content
- •Organization
- •Language
- •The Writing Process
- •7. Checklist of Essay The Whole Essay
- •Paragraph
- •Sentence
- •8. Sample Argumentative Essay The predominant reason students perform better with
- •Practice. Revising the Essay
- •Heavy Traffic
- •Unit4 Research Paper
- •1. What Is Research?
- •2. Steps in Writing a Research Paper
- •What you must do
- •What you must produce
- •Note Taking
- •Bibliography
- •Some examples to compare
- •Practice. Write a paraphrase of each of the following passages.
- •5. Summary
- •Requirements for Summaries
- •Steps in Summarizing
- •A Sample Outline and Summary the colonial heritage
- •The Outline
- •The Summary
- •Language Focus: The First Sentence in a Summary
- •Useful Phrases for Longer Summaries
- •6. Texts for Note-Taking, Paragraphing and Summarizing Text 1 japan paves way for big foreign influx
- •Text 2 the gulf between professor
- •The keys to a civil society—diversity, tolerance, respect, consensus
- •Multiple-choice tasks Original I
- •Sample I
- •Sample II
- •Sample III
- •Original II
- •Sample IV
- •Sample V
- •Sample VI
- •7. Annotated Research Paper
- •Educating Kids at Home
- •Works cited
- •Research Paper Peer Editor’s Comments and Suggestions
- •Paragraph structure
- •8. Research Paper Abstracts
- •Supplement Comparison of Punctuation Marks Usage in English and Ukrainian
- •Practice
- •List of Works Cited Books
- •Articles
- •Internet Sources
- •Other Sources
- •Basic Features of mla Style Key Points Two Basic Features of mla Style
- •Mla author/page style for in-text citations
- •The mla list of works cited
- •Key points What to Do in the mla List of Works Cited
- •Articles
- •Internet sources
- •Key Points Citing Internet Sources
- •Other sources
- •Literature Used
List of Works Cited Books
One author
Two or more authors
Book with editor
Author and editor
One work in an anthology (original or reprinted)
More than one work in an anthology, cross-referenced,
Reference book
No author named
Organization or corporation as author
Translation
Multivolume work
Book in series
Publisher and imprint
Foreword, preface, introduction, or afterword
Republished book
Book not in first edition
Title including a title
Government publication,
Dissertation
Articles
Scholarly journal, continuously paged throughout volume
Scholarly journal, paged by issue
Magazine or newspaper
Article that skips pages
Review
25.Unsigned editorial or article
Letter to the editor
Abstract in an abstracts journal
Article on microform
CD-ROMs, Diskettes, and Tapes
Updated CD-ROM material with a print source
Material from a single-issue CD-ROM
Electronic medium not known
Internet Sources
Online book or part of book
Article in a reference database
Work from a subscription service
Article in an online journal,
Article in an online magazine
Article in an online newspaper
Online review, editorial, abstract, or letter
Scholarly project
Professional site
Linked site
Personal Web page
Online posting on a discussion list
Forwarded online posting
Synchronous communication
Personal e-mail message
Other electronic sources
Other Sources
Letter, personal communication, or interview
Published or broadcast interview
Map or chart
Film or video
Television or radio program
Sound recording
Live performance
Work of art
Cartoon
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You need to document the sources of your information, not only in research papers but also in shorter essays in which you mention just a few books, articles, or other sources to illustrate a point or support your case.
MLA (Modern Language Association) style for the humanities is recommended in Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 5th ed. (New York: MLA, 1999) and on the MLA Web site, <http://www.mla.org>.
Basic Features of mla Style Key Points Two Basic Features of mla Style
1. In the text of your paper include the following information each time you cite a source:
the last name(s) of the author (or authors);
the page number(s) where the information is located in a print source. However, do not include the abbreviation "p." (or "pp.") or the word page (or pages).
2. At the end of your paper, include a list, alphabetized by authors' last names, of all the sources you refer to in the paper. Begin the list on a new page and title it "Works Cited"
NOTE: Use endnotes (at the end of the paper) or footnotes (at the bottom of each page or at the end of each chapter) only for supplementary comments and information, not for regular source citations.1 Number information notes consecutively in your text with a raised (superscript) numeral as in the previous sentence. Indent the first line of each numbered note. The following doublespaced endnote example corresponds to the superscript number above: