Multiple-choice tasks Original I

In the phase of incipient population decline, the conditions for advancement alter significantly. The inner-directed person is able to see industrial and commercial possibilities and to work with the zeal and ruthlessness required by expanding frontiers in the phase of transitional growth of population. Societies in the phase of incipient population decline, on the other hand, need neither such zeal nor such independence. Business, government, the professions, become heavily bureaucratized, as we see most strikingly, for instance, in France. Such societies increasingly turn to the remaining refractory components of the industrial process: the men who run the machines. Social mobility under these conditions continues to exist. But it depends less on what one is and what one does than on what others think of one—and how competent one is in manipulating others and being oneself manipulated. . . .

David Riesman—The Lonely Crowd

Sample I

As the number of people in a society decreases and as it becomes increasingly more industrialized, the productivity and internal character values of individuals become less important than their ability to interact with and manage or use and be used by other people in a newly bureaucratic social environment.

1. Sample I could best be described as an

1. unacceptable paraphrase of the first part of Original I.

2. acceptable paraphrase of the first part of Original I.

3. unacceptable summary of Original I.

4. acceptable summary of Original I.

Sample II

When a society decreases in numbers of people, a change takes place in the rules that govern their chance at upward mobility. At first "inner- directed" (operating from an internalized set of values) individuals struggle to realize the financial goals that open horizons have suggested to them. But when there are fewer people, there is less room for such rugged individualism.

2. Sample II could best be described as an

1. unacceptable paraphrase of the first part of Original I.

2. acceptable paraphrase of the first part of Original I.

3. unacceptable summary of Original I.

4. acceptable summary of Original I.

Sample III

In times of population decline, conditions for advancement change. The inner-directed person can see financial possibilities and works hard, with the necessary zeal and ruthlessness demanded by expanding horizons in the transitional phase. In the next phase, the population has declined and society doesn't need these qualities.

3. Sample III could best be described as an

1. unacceptable paraphrase of the first part of Original I.

2. acceptable paraphrase of the first part of Original I.

3. unacceptable summary of Original I.

4. acceptable summary of Original I.

4. Because Reisman first originated the concept of "inner-directed" individuals

Sample I rightly avoids using the term.

Sample II rightly uses the term.

Sample III rightly uses the term.

The term cannot be used in paraphrase or summary.

5. The first sentence in both Sample II and Sample III suggest the same idea, but the word choice

1. in III is too similar to Original I.

2. in II is too similar to Original I.

3. in II is better because it is more concise.

4. in III is better because it is more concise.

6. The sentence structure of Original I is

1. too complex to paraphrase completely.

2. most closely echoed in Sample I.

3. most closely echoed in Sample II.

4. most closely echoed in Sample III.