- •Reference Book
- •Academic Writing
- •Contents
- •Unit 1 Academic Writing Style
- •1. The Differences between Spoken and Written Language
- •Checklist of language to avoid in academic writing
- •Exercise 1. Find the matches between more formal and common vocabulary.
- •Exercise 2. Match the following colloquial expressions with their formal equivalents:
- •Exercise 3. Edit the following text fragments according to the academic writing style:
- •2. Levels of Formality
- •Exercise 4. Organize the following sets of sentences in the order of formality as shown in the example above. The first one is done for you as a guide.
- •Exercise 5. Identify the inconsistency in levels of formality in the following text fragments and revise them.
- •Unit 2 Paragraph Writing
- •1. Paragraph Structure
- •A Sample Paragraph
- •Concepts to remember
- •The Topic Sentence
- •Exercise 2. Underline the statement you think would make the best topic sentence of the paragraph.
- •Organizing Patterns
- •Patterns of Paragraph Development
- •Illustration
- •Paragraph 1
- •Paragraph 2
- •Paragraph 3
- •Paragraph 1
- •Paragraph 2
- •Paragraph 3
- •Paragraph 4
- •Paragraph 5
- •Transitional words and phrases
- •Spoken language
- •Evaluating a paragraph
- •Paragraph Writing Evaluation Form
- •Unit 3 Essay Writing
- •1. Organization of the Essay
- •2. The Introductory Paragraph
- •Practice: The Introductory Paragraph
- •3. The Concluding Paragraph
- •Example
- •Practice: Concluding Sentences
- •Example
- •Formulating the counterarguments against the thesis
- •Organizing the essay The classical system of argumentation based on that of ancient Greek and Roman orators
- •5. Argumentation Designs Diagram I
- •Diagram II: Controlling Handguns – Pro and Con
- •6. The Writing Product Content
- •Organization
- •Language
- •The Writing Process
- •7. Checklist of Essay The Whole Essay
- •Paragraph
- •Sentence
- •8. Sample Argumentative Essay The predominant reason students perform better with
- •Practice. Revising the Essay
- •Heavy Traffic
- •Unit4 Research Paper
- •1. What Is Research?
- •2. Steps in Writing a Research Paper
- •What you must do
- •What you must produce
- •Note Taking
- •Bibliography
- •Some examples to compare
- •Practice. Write a paraphrase of each of the following passages.
- •5. Summary
- •Requirements for Summaries
- •Steps in Summarizing
- •A Sample Outline and Summary the colonial heritage
- •The Outline
- •The Summary
- •Language Focus: The First Sentence in a Summary
- •Useful Phrases for Longer Summaries
- •6. Texts for Note-Taking, Paragraphing and Summarizing Text 1 japan paves way for big foreign influx
- •Text 2 the gulf between professor
- •The keys to a civil society—diversity, tolerance, respect, consensus
- •Multiple-choice tasks Original I
- •Sample I
- •Sample II
- •Sample III
- •Original II
- •Sample IV
- •Sample V
- •Sample VI
- •7. Annotated Research Paper
- •Educating Kids at Home
- •Works cited
- •Research Paper Peer Editor’s Comments and Suggestions
- •Paragraph structure
- •8. Research Paper Abstracts
- •Supplement Comparison of Punctuation Marks Usage in English and Ukrainian
- •Practice
- •List of Works Cited Books
- •Articles
- •Internet Sources
- •Other Sources
- •Basic Features of mla Style Key Points Two Basic Features of mla Style
- •Mla author/page style for in-text citations
- •The mla list of works cited
- •Key points What to Do in the mla List of Works Cited
- •Articles
- •Internet sources
- •Key Points Citing Internet Sources
- •Other sources
- •Literature Used
Formulating the counterarguments against the thesis
When presenting counterarguments you should:
Present at least two arguments against your point of view (counterarguments) with evidence.
Answer these counterarguments with evidence.
Avoid strong language (“This is a stupid idea”).
Organizing the essay The classical system of argumentation based on that of ancient Greek and Roman orators
The Introduction
Gains reader’s attention (question, story, quotation).
Establishes your qualifications to write about topic.
Establishes common ground with readers.
Demonstrates fairness.
States thesis.
The Background (any necessary background information about the topic).
The Arguments
Reasons in support of thesis (logical/emotional/ethical).
Reasons presented in order of importance (most important first).
The Counterarguments
Present alternative points of view.
Notes reasons for/against these points of view.
Shows why your view is better.
The Conclusion
Summarize the argument.
Elaborate on implications of the thesis (if we do this, then…).
State what you want readers to think or do.
Make a strong ethical or emotional appeal.
5. Argumentation Designs Diagram I
PRO |
CON |
Thesis: “This is so.” |
|
|
“Of course, that is so, too.” |
“But that is too high a price… |
|
“And … |
|
“Moreover… |
|
“…, and so forth. |
|
“Therefore,…” |
|
Diagram II: Controlling Handguns – Pro and Con
PRO |
CON |
Thesis: Possession of handguns should be controlled. |
|
|
To be sure, self-protection is a natural right…. |
But pistols in homes kill many more relatives than intruders…. |
|
|
Of course, ownership by hunters and collectors is justified…. |
Large numbers of weapons in homes, however, give easy access to theft…. |
|
|
We concede that any restrictions invade privacy and freedom…. |
Nevertheless, the intrusion is no more restrictive than registering an automobile…. |
|
Indeed, all arguments about individual rights pale before the crime rate and the annual slaughter of individuals…. |
|
Besides, handguns kill thousands more in the United States than in any other country. |
|
Therefore, controlling handguns is reasonable and necessary. |
|