- •Common carriers
- •Private carriers
- •4. Common law obligations of carriers. Common law exemptions from carriers liability ynder the Hague-Visby Rules. Common low obligations of carriers
- •Common law exceptions from liability
- •5. Type of loss. Example of atl and ctl
- •1) Actual total loss (atl) may occur in 4 ways:
- •2) There is a constructive total loss (ctl) in the following cases:
- •1) Фактические суммарные потери (atl) могут возникать четырьмя способами:
- •2) Существует конструктивная полная потеря (ctl) в следующих случаях:
- •6. Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Example.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in case of ga.
- •Cargo related incidents— documentary evidence
- •11. Ships agent and surveyors in ga. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •12. Collisions: definition. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •13. Sea protest. The structure of sp. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •Vessel under pilotage or in congested waters
- •Vessel moored
- •Interactive Root Causes Analysis. Definition. The main purpose of irca. 5 Whys method.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •3 Cause levels. Their definitions and examples.
- •Direct causes
- •Root causes
- •Reporting incident and accident onboard. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •Near miss reports
- •Frauds with documents and cargo. Four scenarios.
- •Common law obligations of carriers. Common Law exemptions from carrier’s liability.
- •The objectives of the Hague-Visby Rules. Liabilities of carrier under the Hague-Visby Rules.
- •The exemptions from the carrier’s liability under the Hague-Visby Rules: Article 4, Rule 2(a).
- •Types of loss. Examples of actual total loss and constructive total loss.
- •Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Examples.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a: ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in a case of ga.
- •Collisions: definitions. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •Sea protest. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •18.Interactive Root Cause Analysis illustrated with one of the cases.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •20. Reporting incidents and accidents on board. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •4. 3 Purposes for deviation from the route of the voyage.
- •8.Ga contribution , bond and guarantee.
- •9.Ga adjuster and ga adjustment.
- •10.Ship’s agents and surveyors in ga.
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The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a ga definition.
The York-Antwerp Rules- are a set of internationally recognized rules, drawn up by a number of maritime countries to enable the assessment of each party’s general average contribution following an incident in which general average was declared.
Are not incorporated into national law, but are voluntarily accepted by shippers, shipowners and insurers.
The principle of general average may be said simply: “That which has been sacrificed for the benefit of all shall be made good by the contribution of all.
The object of general average is to ensure that the owner of the vessel or cargo who has incurred an expenditure or suffered a sacrifice of his property in order to extricate the vessel from a perilous position receives a contribution to his loss from all those who have benefited from the action.
A general average is a partial loss incurred through a deliberate act performed with the intention of preserving all the property involved in a voyage from a danger which threatens them all.
“There is a general average act when, and only when, any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property invoked in a common maritime adventure. ”
Правила Йорк-Антверпен - это набор международно признанных правил, разработанных рядом морских стран, с тем чтобы дать возможность оценить средний средний взнос каждой из сторон после инцидента, в котором была объявлена общая средняя.
Не включены в национальное законодательство, но добровольно принимаются грузоотправителями, судовладельцами и страховщиками.
Принцип общего среднего можно сказать просто: «То, что было принесено в жертву на благо всех, должно быть сделано благодаря вкладу всех.
Целью общего среднего является обеспечение того, чтобы владелец судна или груза, который понес расходы или понес жертву своего имущества, чтобы вывести судно из опасного положения, получает вклад в его потерю от всех тех, кто выиграл от действия.
Общее среднее - это частичная потеря, вызванная преднамеренным действием, направленным на сохранение всего имущества, участвующего в рейсе, от опасности, которая угрожает им всем.
«Существует общий средний акт, когда и только тогда, когда любые чрезвычайные жертвы или расходы намеренно и разумно сделаны или понесены для общей безопасности с целью сохранения от опасности имущества, вызванного в общем морском приключении. »
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Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
The following are the examples of extraordinary sacrifices intentionally and reasonably made for the common safety and allowed as GA:
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A vessel is aground and her engine and equipment are damage in effort to refloat the vessel.
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Cargo is jettisoned for the common safety in time of peril.
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Cargo burnt as fuel if there is a shortage of bunkers.
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Cargo not on fire is damaged by water being used to extinguish other cargo, which is on fire.
The following are the examples of extraordinary expenditure intentionally and reasonably incurred for the common safety:
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The expense of hiring lighters for storing cargo in which efforts to refloat a vessel take place.
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Port of refuge expenses.
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Salvage charges.
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The expense of hiring a tug with fire-fighting equipment to extinguish a fire on board a vessel.
Ниже приводятся примеры чрезвычайных жертвоприношений, преднамеренно и разумно сделанные для общей безопасности и разрешенные как GA:
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Судно посеребрено, а его двигатель и оборудование повреждены, пытаясь залить судно.
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Груз отбрасывается для общей безопасности во время опасности.
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Груз горит как топливо, если есть нехватка бункеров.
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Груз, не находящийся под огнем, поврежден водой, используемой для тушения других грузов, находящихся под огнем.
Ниже приводятся примеры непредвиденных расходов, преднамеренно и разумно понесенных для общей безопасности:
2. Порт расходов на убежище.
3. Сборы за спасение.
4. Расходы на привлечение буксира с противопожарным оборудованием для тушения пожара на борту судна.