- •Common carriers
- •Private carriers
- •4. Common law obligations of carriers. Common law exemptions from carriers liability ynder the Hague-Visby Rules. Common low obligations of carriers
- •Common law exceptions from liability
- •5. Type of loss. Example of atl and ctl
- •1) Actual total loss (atl) may occur in 4 ways:
- •2) There is a constructive total loss (ctl) in the following cases:
- •1) Фактические суммарные потери (atl) могут возникать четырьмя способами:
- •2) Существует конструктивная полная потеря (ctl) в следующих случаях:
- •6. Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Example.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in case of ga.
- •Cargo related incidents— documentary evidence
- •11. Ships agent and surveyors in ga. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •12. Collisions: definition. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •13. Sea protest. The structure of sp. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •Vessel under pilotage or in congested waters
- •Vessel moored
- •Interactive Root Causes Analysis. Definition. The main purpose of irca. 5 Whys method.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •3 Cause levels. Their definitions and examples.
- •Direct causes
- •Root causes
- •Reporting incident and accident onboard. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •Near miss reports
- •Frauds with documents and cargo. Four scenarios.
- •Common law obligations of carriers. Common Law exemptions from carrier’s liability.
- •The objectives of the Hague-Visby Rules. Liabilities of carrier under the Hague-Visby Rules.
- •The exemptions from the carrier’s liability under the Hague-Visby Rules: Article 4, Rule 2(a).
- •Types of loss. Examples of actual total loss and constructive total loss.
- •Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Examples.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a: ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in a case of ga.
- •Collisions: definitions. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •Sea protest. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •18.Interactive Root Cause Analysis illustrated with one of the cases.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •20. Reporting incidents and accidents on board. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •4. 3 Purposes for deviation from the route of the voyage.
- •8.Ga contribution , bond and guarantee.
- •9.Ga adjuster and ga adjustment.
- •10.Ship’s agents and surveyors in ga.
Near miss reports
A near miss (потенциально опасное происшествие) is a hazardous event which does NOT result in accident / injury but a situation has arisen where an accident or an incident could have happened.
Some examples of near misses which occur during day-to-day activities:
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A seaman is found aloft (на высоте) not wearing a safety harness (страховочный пояс),
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Acid is spilled while filling up emergency batteries,
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A cargo net breaks while taking on stores but there is no damage,
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Emergency action is required to avoid collision.
Near misses should be reported to a Senior Officer or the Master who will complete a near miss report to send to the office.
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Near miss reports should be completed in full so that a complete picture of the incident can be built up.
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Near miss reports do not need to be signed.
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Once received by the office a near miss will be analysed and compared to other near misses. In this way, trends can be identified and changes put in place to improve safety onboard.
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Near miss reports should be filed onboard so that action can be followed up and they can be accessed by external examiners / auditors.
Близкая мисс (потенциально опасное происшествие) - опасное событие, которое НЕ приводит к несчастному случаю / травме, но возникла ситуация, когда может произойти несчастный случай или инцидент.
Некоторые примеры близких промахов, которые происходят в повседневной деятельности:
- Моряк находится наверху (на высоте), не надевая защитный пояс (страховочный пояс),
- Кислота разливается при заполнении аварийных батарей,
- Грузовая сетка ломается при покупке магазинов, но нет повреждений,
- Для предотвращения столкновения требуется экстренное действие.
О ближайших промахах следует сообщать старшему офицеру или магистру, который завершит отчет о промахе для отправки в офис.
• Отчеты о ближнем пропуске должны быть заполнены полностью, чтобы можно было составить полную картину инцидента.
• Не нужно подписывать отчеты о пропущенных ошибках.
• После того, как он будет получен офисом, промах будет проанализирован и сравнен с другими промахами. Таким образом, можно выявить тенденции и внести изменения в целях повышения безопасности на борту.
• На борту должны быть отправлены отчеты о пропущенных ошибках, чтобы можно было следить за действиями, и к ним могут обращаться внешние экзаменаторы / аудиторы.
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Frauds with documents and cargo. Four scenarios.
The Fraudsters create a fake set of Bills of Lading that looks like original which want to take delivery of cargo in advance of the original Receiver.
Scenario 1:
This fraud may have received some «Insider» assistance, because the Fraudsters will need original key information. To know that they can deliver cargo to discharge port. And after that the Shipowner and original Receiver left to fight who will cover the loss.
Scenario 2:
The Fraudsters will create a genuine looking Bills of Lading or other Cargo Documents copying corporate styles and logos including original ship and shipment details. They will appear to will informed about carrying cargo. For example: they can offer to sell a cargo that is not on board,because the vessel carrying other cargo.
Scenario 3:
The Master must be carefully when sign the Bill of Lading and Mate’s receipt because for example the cargo of cars may be new but inside the cars may be old engine and it is fraud.
Scenario 4:
Trojan container. We can see in Bill of Lading one type of cargo , but inside the container may be different cargo.
Inside the container may be rubbish and even immigrants.
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BOLERO
BOLERO - means Electronic Bill of Lading System. Bolero can replace paper Bill of Lading and other paper documentation. It is legal and safety system. All registered users can use this system.
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Documentary evidence required from a vessel in a cargo loss or damage.
If the cargo is lost or damaged in transit, it is the blaim of the carrier.
The carrier must have evidence: log books, work schedules, work books,reports and show that good care has been taken to make the vessel seaworthy.
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Perils of the sea defence. The claim against the bulk carrier for damage of bulk wheat.
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The Carrier. Common carrier and private carrier. NVOC and NVOCC.
The carrier - is a party who agrees to carry, on a commercial basis goods or persons from one place to another.
Common carriers - are liable for any loss or damage to the goods they carry, so they are the insurer of this goods.
Private carriers - make special contract with their customers excluding their liability. As a private carrier, a carrier becomes a bailee of the goods carried. Only he is liable for damage or his negligence or delay.
NVOC - non-vessel operating carrier. Operates a shipping service without owning own vessel. He buying a volume of cargo space on vessels owned or operated by one or more shipowners.
NVOCC - non-vessel operating common carrier. It has legal definition only in the USA, where a party, contracting as an NVOCC carriers the usual heavy legal burden of any common carriers.