- •Common carriers
- •Private carriers
- •4. Common law obligations of carriers. Common law exemptions from carriers liability ynder the Hague-Visby Rules. Common low obligations of carriers
- •Common law exceptions from liability
- •5. Type of loss. Example of atl and ctl
- •1) Actual total loss (atl) may occur in 4 ways:
- •2) There is a constructive total loss (ctl) in the following cases:
- •1) Фактические суммарные потери (atl) могут возникать четырьмя способами:
- •2) Существует конструктивная полная потеря (ctl) в следующих случаях:
- •6. Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Example.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in case of ga.
- •Cargo related incidents— documentary evidence
- •11. Ships agent and surveyors in ga. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •12. Collisions: definition. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •13. Sea protest. The structure of sp. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •Vessel under pilotage or in congested waters
- •Vessel moored
- •Interactive Root Causes Analysis. Definition. The main purpose of irca. 5 Whys method.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •3 Cause levels. Their definitions and examples.
- •Direct causes
- •Root causes
- •Reporting incident and accident onboard. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •Near miss reports
- •Frauds with documents and cargo. Four scenarios.
- •Common law obligations of carriers. Common Law exemptions from carrier’s liability.
- •The objectives of the Hague-Visby Rules. Liabilities of carrier under the Hague-Visby Rules.
- •The exemptions from the carrier’s liability under the Hague-Visby Rules: Article 4, Rule 2(a).
- •Types of loss. Examples of actual total loss and constructive total loss.
- •Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Examples.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a: ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in a case of ga.
- •Collisions: definitions. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •Sea protest. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •18.Interactive Root Cause Analysis illustrated with one of the cases.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •20. Reporting incidents and accidents on board. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •4. 3 Purposes for deviation from the route of the voyage.
- •8.Ga contribution , bond and guarantee.
- •9.Ga adjuster and ga adjustment.
- •10.Ship’s agents and surveyors in ga.
4. 3 Purposes for deviation from the route of the voyage.
Firstly if there is a real danger, the carrier may deviate for the purpose of protecting and preserving the cargo. Secondly, the carrier may deviate for the purpose of saving human life. Finally, the contract of carriage may permit a deviation from the contractual voyage if it contains a “liberty to deviate” clause.
Во-первых, если существует реальная опасность, перевозчик может отклоняться с целью защиты и сохранения груза. Во-вторых, перевозчик может отклоняться с целью спасти человеческую жизнь. Наконец, договор перевозки может допускать отклонение от договорного рейса, если он содержит статью о свободе отклонений.
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Barratry – includes every wrongful act willfully committed by the master or crew to the detriment of the owner or charterer. Willfully running the ship ashore with fraudful intent; fraudulently selling the ship, her equipment or cargo; sailing in breach of an embargo; willfully assisting illegal immigration; smuggling without the owner’s consent, are all act of barratry.
Barratry - включает в себя все противоправные действия, преднамеренно совершенные мастером или экипажем в ущерб предписанию владельца или фрахтователя. Умышленно управляя кораблем на суше с мошенническим намерением; мошенническую продажу судна, оборудования или груза; плыть в нарушение эмбарго; умышленное содействие нелегальной иммиграции; контрабанда без согласия владельца, все это действие барратизма.
7.When GA is declared – The declaration is normally made by the shipowner. A declaration must be made before the delivery of the cargo.
8.Ga contribution , bond and guarantee.
GA Bond – расписска по общей аварии – подписывают shipper & receiver – a signed promise by the receivers to pay their general average charges when known.
подписанное обещание получателей выплачивать общие общие расходы, когда они известны.
GA Guarantee – подписывают – cargo underwrites – страховщики груза – a promise from cargo underwriters to pay the required contribution without collection of a deposit.
обещание от андеррайтеров груза оплатить необходимый взнос без сбора депозита.
9.Ga adjuster and ga adjustment.
The assessment of each party’s contributions called an “average adjustment”. The adjustment is made by an average adjuster. The average adjuster is appointed by the shipowner to collect all the facts surrounding the incident and collect guaranties from various parties before cargo is discharged.
Оценка взносов каждой стороны называется «средней корректировкой». Регулировка производится средним регулятором. Средний диспетчер назначается судовладельцем для сбора всех фактов, связанных с инцидентом, и собирает гарантии от различных сторон до выгрузки груза.
10.Ship’s agents and surveyors in ga.
A ship’s agent will assist the master in the aftermach of a general average incident to make a declaration which complies with the local law and custom of the port. Surveyors, usually called general average surveyors and they will act in the interests of all the parties involved. If possible, the account representing expenditure incurrred should be examined and approved by the general average surveyor before settlement.
Судовой агент будет помогать капитану в случае возникновения общего среднего инцидента сделать заявление, которое соответствует местному законодательству и обычаю порта.
Обследователи, обычно называемые средними сюрвейерами, и они будут действовать в интересах всех вовлеченных сторон. Если возможно, счет, отражающий расходы, должен быть рассмотрен и одобрен генеральным средним геодезистом до урегулирования.
11. ?
12. Sea protest versus letter of protest. The sea protest is a solemn declaration, made on oath by a shipmaster before a person legally empowered to hear declarations.
A protest is a simple statement of fact, without added details.
Letter of protest – is a written communication recording dissatisfaction on the part of one party concerning any operational question over which the other party has control, and holding the other party responsible for any consequences of the matter being complained about.
13. Near miss (потенциально опасное происшествие) – is a hazardous event which does NOT result in accident/injury but a situation has arisen whire an accident or an incident could have happened.
14. An incident – is a hazardous occurrence which has resulted in physical damage to the ship, her cargo ot to the property.
15.An accident – is a hazardous occurrence which results in an unjury to personnel